NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | CONFORMING TO | NOTES | EXAMPLE | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON
END(3) Linux Programmer's Manual END(3)
etext, edata, end - end of program segments
extern etext;
extern edata;
extern end;
The addresses of these symbols indicate the end of various program segments:
etext This is the first address past the end of the text segment (the program
code).
edata This is the first address past the end of the initialized data segment.
end This is the first address past the end of the uninitialized data
segment (also known as the BSS segment).
Although these symbols have long been provided on most Unix systems, they are
not standardized; use with caution.
The program must explicitly declare these symbols; they are not defined in any
header file.
On some systems the names of these symbols are preceded by underscores, thus:
_etext, _edata, and _end. These symbols are also defined for programs
compiled on Linux.
At the start of program execution, the program break will be somewhere near
&end (perhaps at the start of the following page). However, the break will
change as memory is allocated via brk(2) or malloc(3). Use sbrk(2) with an
argument of zero to find the current value of the program break.
When run, the program below produces output such as the following:
$ ./a.out
First address past:
program text (etext) 0x8048568
initialized data (edata) 0x804a01c
uninitialized data (end) 0x804a024
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
extern char etext, edata, end; /* The symbols must have some type,
or "gcc -Wall" complains */
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
printf("First address past:\n");
printf(" program text (etext) %10p\n", &etext);
printf(" initialized data (edata) %10p\n", &edata);
printf(" uninitialized data (end) %10p\n", &end);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
objdump(1), readelf(1), sbrk(2), elf(5)
This page is part of release 3.08 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found
at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
GNU 2008-07-17 END(3)