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+.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved 
+.TH "WC" 1P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
+.\" wc 
+.SH PROLOG
+This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.
+The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult
+the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
+or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
+.SH NAME
+wc \- word, line, and byte or character count
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.LP
+\fBwc\fP \fB[\fP\fB-c|-m\fP\fB][\fP\fB-lw\fP\fB][\fP\fIfile\fP\fB...\fP\fB]\fP
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.LP
+The \fIwc\fP utility shall read one or more input files and, by default,
+write the number of <newline>s, words, and bytes
+contained in each input file to the standard output.
+.LP
+The utility also shall write a total count for all named files, if
+more than one input file is specified.
+.LP
+The \fIwc\fP utility shall consider a \fIword\fP to be a non-zero-length
+string of characters delimited by white space.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.LP
+The \fIwc\fP utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume
+of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
+.LP
+The following options shall be supported:
+.TP 7
+\fB-c\fP
+Write to the standard output the number of bytes in each input file.
+.TP 7
+\fB-l\fP
+Write to the standard output the number of <newline>s in each input
+file.
+.TP 7
+\fB-m\fP
+Write to the standard output the number of characters in each input
+file.
+.TP 7
+\fB-w\fP
+Write to the standard output the number of words in each input file.
+.sp
+.LP
+When any option is specified, \fIwc\fP shall report only the information
+requested by the specified options.
+.SH OPERANDS
+.LP
+The following operand shall be supported:
+.TP 7
+\fIfile\fP
+A pathname of an input file. If no \fIfile\fP operands are specified,
+the standard input shall be used.
+.sp
+.SH STDIN
+.LP
+The standard input shall be used only if no \fIfile\fP operands are
+specified. See the INPUT FILES section.
+.SH INPUT FILES
+.LP
+The input files may be of any type.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+.LP
+The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
+\fIwc\fP:
+.TP 7
+\fILANG\fP
+Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that
+are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
+IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables
+for
+the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
+the values of locale categories.)
+.TP 7
+\fILC_ALL\fP
+If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
+other internationalization variables.
+.TP 7
+\fILC_CTYPE\fP
+Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes
+of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
+opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and
+which characters are defined as white space characters.
+.TP 7
+\fILC_MESSAGES\fP
+Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and
+contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error and
+informative messages written to standard output.
+.TP 7
+\fINLSPATH\fP
+Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of \fILC_MESSAGES
+\&.\fP 
+.sp
+.SH ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+.LP
+Default.
+.SH STDOUT
+.LP
+By default, the standard output shall contain an entry for each input
+file of the form:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fB"%d %d %d %s\\n", <\fP\fInewlines\fP\fB>, <\fP\fIwords\fP\fB>, <\fP\fIbytes\fP\fB>, <\fP\fIfile\fP\fB>
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+If the \fB-m\fP option is specified, the number of characters shall
+replace the <\fIbytes\fP> field in this format.
+.LP
+If any options are specified and the \fB-l\fP option is not specified,
+the number of <newline>s shall not be written.
+.LP
+If any options are specified and the \fB-w\fP option is not specified,
+the number of words shall not be written.
+.LP
+If any options are specified and neither \fB-c\fP nor \fB-m\fP is
+specified, the number of bytes or characters shall not be
+written.
+.LP
+If no input \fIfile\fP operands are specified, no name shall be written
+and no <blank>s preceding the pathname shall be
+written.
+.LP
+If more than one input \fIfile\fP operand is specified, an additional
+line shall be written, of the same format as the other
+lines, except that the word \fBtotal\fP (in the POSIX locale) shall
+be written instead of a pathname and the total of each column
+shall be written as appropriate. Such an additional line, if any,
+is written at the end of the output.
+.SH STDERR
+.LP
+The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
+.SH OUTPUT FILES
+.LP
+None.
+.SH EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+.LP
+None.
+.SH EXIT STATUS
+.LP
+The following exit values shall be returned:
+.TP 7
+\ 0
+Successful completion.
+.TP 7
+>0
+An error occurred.
+.sp
+.SH CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+.LP
+Default.
+.LP
+\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
+.SH APPLICATION USAGE
+.LP
+The \fB-m\fP option is not a switch, but an option at the same level
+as \fB-c\fP. Thus, to produce the full default output
+with character counts instead of bytes, the command required is:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBwc -mlw
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.LP
+None.
+.SH RATIONALE
+.LP
+The output file format pseudo- \fIprintf\fP() string differs from
+the System V version
+of \fIwc\fP:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fB"%7d%7d%7d %s\\n"
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+which produces possibly ambiguous and unparsable results for very
+large files, as it assumes no number shall exceed six
+digits.
+.LP
+Some historical implementations use only <space>, <tab>, and <newline>
+as word separators. The equivalent of
+the ISO\ C standard \fIisspace\fP() function is more appropriate.
+.LP
+The \fB-c\fP option stands for "character" count, even though it counts
+bytes. This stems from the sometimes erroneous
+historical view that bytes and characters are the same size. Due to
+international requirements, the \fB-m\fP option (reminiscent
+of "multi-byte") was added to obtain actual character counts.
+.LP
+Early proposals only specified the results when input files were text
+files. The current specification more closely matches
+historical practice. (Bytes, words, and <newline>s are counted separately
+and the results are written when an end-of-file is
+detected.)
+.LP
+Historical implementations of the \fIwc\fP utility only accepted one
+argument to specify the options \fB-c\fP, \fB-l\fP, and
+\fB-w\fP. Some of them also had multiple occurrences of an option
+cause the corresponding count to be written multiple times and
+had the order of specification of the options affect the order of
+the fields on output, but did not document either of these.
+Because common usage either specifies no options or only one option,
+and because none of this was documented, the changes required
+by this volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 should not break many historical
+applications (and do not break any historical
+conforming applications).
+.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+.LP
+None.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.LP
+\fIcksum\fP
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
+from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
+-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
+Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
+Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
+event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
+The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
+http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .