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+.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved 
+.TH "PR" 1P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
+.\" pr 
+.SH PROLOG
+This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.
+The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult
+the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
+or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
+.SH NAME
+pr \- print files
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.LP
+\fBpr\fP
+\fB[\fP\fB+\fP\fIpage\fP\fB][\fP\fB-\fP\fIcolumn\fP\fB][\fP\fB-adFmrt\fP\fB][\fP\fB-e\fP\fB[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB][\fP\fI
+gap\fP\fB]][\fP\fB-h\fP \fIheader\fP\fB][\fP\fB-i\fP\fB[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB][\fP\fIgap\fP\fB]]
+.sp
+\fP \fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \fP \fB[\fP\fB-l\fP
+\fIlines\fP\fB][\fP\fB-n\fP\fB[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB][\fP\fIwidth\fP\fB]][\fP\fB-o\fP
+\fIoffset\fP\fB][\fP\fB-s\fP\fB[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB]][\fP\fB-w\fP \fIwidth\fP\fB][\fP\fB-fp\fP\fB]
+.br
+\fP \fB\ \ \ \ \ \ \fP \fB[\fP\fIfile\fP\fB...\fP\fB]\fP
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.LP
+The \fIpr\fP utility is a printing and pagination filter. If multiple
+input files are specified, each shall be read, formatted,
+and written to standard output. By default, the input shall be separated
+into 66-line pages, each with:
+.IP " *" 3
+A 5-line header that includes the page number, date, time, and the
+pathname of the file
+.LP
+.IP " *" 3
+A 5-line trailer consisting of blank lines
+.LP
+.LP
+If standard output is associated with a terminal, diagnostic messages
+shall be deferred until the \fIpr\fP utility has
+completed processing.
+.LP
+When options specifying multi-column output are specified, output
+text columns shall be of equal width; input lines that do not
+fit into a text column shall be truncated. By default, text columns
+shall be separated with at least one <blank>.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.LP
+The \fIpr\fP utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume
+of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines,
+except that: the \fIpage\fP option has a
+\fB'+'\fP delimiter; \fIpage\fP and \fIcolumn\fP can be multi-digit
+numbers; some of the option-arguments are optional; and
+some of the option-arguments cannot be specified as separate arguments
+from the preceding option letter. In particular, the
+\fB-s\fP option does not allow the option letter to be separated from
+its argument, and the options \fB-e\fP, \fB-i\fP, and
+\fB-n\fP require that both arguments, if present, not be separated
+from the option letter.
+.LP
+The following options shall be supported. In the following option
+descriptions, \fIcolumn\fP, \fIlines\fP, \fIoffset\fP,
+\fIpage\fP, and \fIwidth\fP are positive decimal integers; \fIgap\fP
+is a non-negative decimal integer.
+.TP 7
+\fB+\fP\fIpage\fP
+Begin output at page number \fIpage\fP of the formatted input.
+.TP 7
+\fB-\fP\fIcolumn\fP
+Produce multi-column output that is arranged in \fIcolumn\fP columns
+(the default shall be 1) and is written down each column
+in the order in which the text is received from the input file. This
+option should not be used with \fB-m\fP. The options
+\fB-e\fP and \fB-i\fP shall be assumed for multiple text-column output.
+Whether or not text columns are produced with identical
+vertical lengths is unspecified, but a text column shall never exceed
+the length of the page (see the \fB-l\fP option). When used
+with \fB-t\fP, use the minimum number of lines to write the output.
+.TP 7
+\fB-a\fP
+Modify the effect of the \fB-\fP \fIcolumn\fP option so that the columns
+are filled across the page in a round-robin order
+(for example, when \fIcolumn\fP is 2, the first input line heads column
+1, the second heads column 2, the third is the second line
+in column 1, and so on).
+.TP 7
+\fB-d\fP
+Produce output that is double-spaced; append an extra <newline> following
+every <newline> found in the input.
+.TP 7
+\fB-e[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB][\fP\fIgap\fP\fB]\fP
+.sp
+Expand each input <tab> to the next greater column position specified
+by the formula \fIn\fP* \fIgap\fP+1, where \fIn\fP
+is an integer > 0. If \fIgap\fP is zero or is omitted, it shall default
+to 8. All <tab>s in the input shall be expanded
+into the appropriate number of <space>s. If any non-digit character,
+\fIchar\fP, is specified, it shall be used as the input
+<tab>.
+.TP 7
+\fB-f\fP
+Use a <form-feed> for new pages, instead of the default behavior that
+uses a sequence of <newline>s. Pause before
+beginning the first page if the standard output is associated with
+a terminal. 
+.TP 7
+\fB-F\fP
+Use a <form-feed> for new pages, instead of the default behavior that
+uses a sequence of <newline>s.
+.TP 7
+\fB-h\ \fP \fIheader\fP
+Use the string \fIheader\fP to replace the contents of the \fIfile\fP
+operand in the page header.
+.TP 7
+\fB-i[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB][\fP\fIgap\fP\fB]\fP
+In output, replace multiple <space>s with <tab>s wherever two or more
+adjacent <space>s reach column
+positions \fIgap\fP+1, 2* \fIgap\fP+1, 3* \fIgap\fP+1, and so on.
+If \fIgap\fP is zero or is omitted, default tab settings at
+every eighth column position shall be assumed. If any non-digit character,
+\fIchar\fP, is specified, it shall be used as the
+output <tab>.
+.TP 7
+\fB-l\ \fP \fIlines\fP
+Override the 66-line default and reset the page length to \fIlines\fP.
+If \fIlines\fP is not greater than the sum of both the
+header and trailer depths (in lines), the \fIpr\fP utility shall suppress
+both the header and trailer, as if the \fB-t\fP option
+were in effect.
+.TP 7
+\fB-m\fP
+Merge files. Standard output shall be formatted so the \fIpr\fP utility
+writes one line from each file specified by a
+\fIfile\fP operand, side by side into text columns of equal fixed
+widths, in terms of the number of column positions.
+Implementations shall support merging of at least nine \fIfile\fP
+operands.
+.TP 7
+\fB-n[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB][\fP\fIwidth\fP\fB]\fP
+.sp
+Provide \fIwidth\fP-digit line numbering (default for \fIwidth\fP
+shall be 5). The number shall occupy the first \fIwidth\fP
+column positions of each text column of default output or each line
+of \fB-m\fP output. If \fIchar\fP (any non-digit character)
+is given, it shall be appended to the line number to separate it from
+whatever follows (default for \fIchar\fP is a
+<tab>).
+.TP 7
+\fB-o\ \fP \fIoffset\fP
+Each line of output shall be preceded by offset <space>s. If the \fB-o\fP
+option is not specified, the default offset
+shall be zero. The space taken is in addition to the output line width
+(see the \fB-w\fP option below).
+.TP 7
+\fB-p\fP
+Pause before beginning each page if the standard output is directed
+to a terminal ( \fIpr\fP shall write an <alert> to
+standard error and wait for a <carriage-return> to be read on \fB/dev/tty\fP).
+.TP 7
+\fB-r\fP
+Write no diagnostic reports on failure to open files.
+.TP 7
+\fB-s[\fP\fIchar\fP\fB]\fP
+Separate text columns by the single character \fIchar\fP instead of
+by the appropriate number of <space>s (default for
+\fIchar\fP shall be <tab>).
+.TP 7
+\fB-t\fP
+Write neither the five-line identifying header nor the five-line trailer
+usually supplied for each page. Quit writing after the
+last line of each file without spacing to the end of the page.
+.TP 7
+\fB-w\ \fP \fIwidth\fP
+Set the width of the line to \fIwidth\fP column positions for multiple
+text-column output only. If the \fB-w\fP option is not
+specified and the \fB-s\fP option is not specified, the default width
+shall be 72. If the \fB-w\fP option is not specified and
+the \fB-s\fP option is specified, the default width shall be 512.
+.LP
+For single column output, input lines shall not be truncated.
+.sp
+.SH OPERANDS
+.LP
+The following operand shall be supported:
+.TP 7
+\fIfile\fP
+A pathname of a file to be written. If no \fIfile\fP operands are
+specified, or if a \fIfile\fP operand is \fB'-'\fP, the
+standard input shall be used.
+.sp
+.SH STDIN
+.LP
+The standard input shall be used only if no \fIfile\fP operands are
+specified, or if a \fIfile\fP operand is \fB'-'\fP .
+See the INPUT FILES section.
+.SH INPUT FILES
+.LP
+The input files shall be text files.
+.LP
+The file \fB/dev/tty\fP shall be used to read responses required by
+the \fB-p\fP option.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+.LP
+The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
+\fIpr\fP:
+.TP 7
+\fILANG\fP
+Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that
+are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
+IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables
+for
+the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
+the values of locale categories.)
+.TP 7
+\fILC_ALL\fP
+If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
+other internationalization variables.
+.TP 7
+\fILC_CTYPE\fP
+Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes
+of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
+opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and
+which characters are defined as printable (character class
+\fBprint\fP). Non-printable characters are still written to standard
+output, but are not counted for the purpose for column-width
+and line-length calculations.
+.TP 7
+\fILC_MESSAGES\fP
+Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and
+contents of diagnostic messages written to standard
+error.
+.TP 7
+\fILC_TIME\fP
+Determine the format of the date and time for use in writing header
+lines.
+.TP 7
+\fINLSPATH\fP
+Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of \fILC_MESSAGES
+\&.\fP 
+.TP 7
+\fITZ\fP
+Determine the timezone used to calculate date and time strings written
+in header lines. If \fITZ\fP is unset or null, an
+unspecified default timezone shall be used.
+.sp
+.SH ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+.LP
+If \fIpr\fP receives an interrupt while writing to a terminal, it
+shall flush all accumulated error messages to the screen
+before terminating.
+.SH STDOUT
+.LP
+The \fIpr\fP utility output shall be a paginated version of the original
+file (or files). This pagination shall be accomplished
+using either <form-feed>s or a sequence of <newline>s, as controlled
+by the \fB-F\fP  or \fB-f\fP
+option. Page headers shall be generated unless the \fB-t\fP option
+is specified. The page headers shall be of the form:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fB"\\n\\n%s %s Page %d\\n\\n\\n", <\fP\fIoutput of date\fP\fB>, <\fP\fIfile\fP\fB>, <\fP\fIpage number\fP\fB>
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+In the POSIX locale, the <\fIoutput\ of\ date\fP> field, representing
+the date and time of last modification of
+the input file (or the current date and time if the input file is
+standard input), shall be equivalent to the output of the
+following command as it would appear if executed at the given time:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBdate "+%b %e %H:%M %Y"
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+without the trailing <newline>, if the page being written is from
+standard input. If the page being written is not from
+standard input, in the POSIX locale, the same format shall be used,
+but the time used shall be the modification time of the file
+corresponding to \fIfile\fP instead of the current time. When the
+\fILC_TIME\fP locale category is not set to the POSIX locale, a
+different format and order of presentation of this field may be used.
+.LP
+If the standard input is used instead of a \fIfile\fP operand, the
+<\fIfile\fP> field shall be replaced by a null
+string.
+.LP
+If the \fB-h\fP option is specified, the <\fIfile\fP> field shall
+be replaced by the \fIheader\fP argument.
+.SH STDERR
+.LP
+The standard error shall be used for diagnostic messages and for alerting
+the terminal when \fB-p\fP is specified.
+.SH OUTPUT FILES
+.LP
+None.
+.SH EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+.LP
+None.
+.SH EXIT STATUS
+.LP
+The following exit values shall be returned:
+.TP 7
+\ 0
+Successful completion.
+.TP 7
+>0
+An error occurred.
+.sp
+.SH CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+.LP
+Default.
+.LP
+\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
+.SH APPLICATION USAGE
+.LP
+None.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.IP " 1." 4
+Print a numbered list of all files in the current directory:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBls -a | pr -n -h "Files in $(pwd)."
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+.IP " 2." 4
+Print \fBfile1\fP and \fBfile2\fP as a double-spaced, three-column
+listing headed by "file list'':
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBpr -3d -h "file list" file1 file2
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+.IP " 3." 4
+Write \fBfile1\fP on \fBfile2\fP, expanding tabs to columns 10, 19,
+28, ...:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBpr -e9 -t <file1 >file2
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+.SH RATIONALE
+.LP
+This utility is one of those that does not follow the Utility Syntax
+Guidelines because of its historical origins. The standard
+developers could have added new options that obeyed the guidelines
+(and marked the old options obsolescent) or devised an entirely
+new utility; there are examples of both actions in this volume of
+IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001. Because of its widespread use by
+historical applications, the standard developers decided to exempt
+this version of \fIpr\fP from many of the guidelines.
+.LP
+Implementations are required to accept option-arguments to the \fB-h\fP,
+\fB-l\fP, \fB-o\fP, and \fB-w\fP options whether
+presented as part of the same argument or as a separate argument to
+\fIpr\fP, as suggested by the Utility Syntax Guidelines. The
+\fB-n\fP and \fB-s\fP options, however, are specified as in historical
+practice because they are frequently specified without
+their optional arguments. If a <blank> were allowed before the option-argument
+in these cases, a \fIfile\fP operand could
+mistakenly be interpreted as an option-argument in historical applications.
+.LP
+The text about the minimum number of lines in multi-column output
+was included to ensure that a best effort is made in balancing
+the length of the columns. There are known historical implementations
+in which, for example, 60-line files are listed by \fIpr\fP
+-2 as one column of 56 lines and a second of 4. Although this is not
+a problem when a full page with headers and trailers is
+produced, it would be relatively useless when used with \fB-t\fP.
+.LP
+Historical implementations of the \fIpr\fP utility have differed in
+the action taken for the \fB-f\fP option. BSD uses it as
+described here for the \fB-F\fP option; System V uses it to change
+trailing <newline>s on each page to a <form-feed>
+and, if standard output is a TTY device, sends an <alert> to standard
+error and reads a line from \fB/dev/tty\fP before the
+first page. There were strong arguments from both sides of this issue
+concerning historical practice and as a result the \fB-F\fP
+option was added. XSI-conformant systems support the System V historical
+actions for the \fB-f\fP option.
+.LP
+The <\fIoutput\ of\ date\fP> field in the \fB-l\fP format is specified
+only for the POSIX locale. As noted, the
+format can be different in other locales. No mechanism for defining
+this is present in this volume of
+IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, as the appropriate vehicle is a message catalog;
+that is, the format should be specified as a
+"message".
+.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+.LP
+None.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.LP
+\fIexpand\fP, \fIlp\fP
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
+from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
+-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
+Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
+Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
+event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
+The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
+http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .