The Linux Kernel API¶
List Management Functions¶
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void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)¶
Initialize a list_head structure
Parameters
struct list_head *listlist_head structure to be initialized.
Description
Initializes the list_head to point to itself. If it is a list header, the result is an empty list.
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void list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)¶
add a new entry
Parameters
struct list_head *newnew entry to be added
struct list_head *headlist head to add it after
Description
Insert a new entry after the specified head. This is good for implementing stacks.
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void list_add_tail(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)¶
add a new entry
Parameters
struct list_head *newnew entry to be added
struct list_head *headlist head to add it before
Description
Insert a new entry before the specified head. This is useful for implementing queues.
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void list_del(struct list_head *entry)¶
deletes entry from list.
Parameters
struct list_head *entrythe element to delete from the list.
Note
list_empty() on entry does not return true after this, the entry is
in an undefined state.
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void list_replace(struct list_head *old, struct list_head *new)¶
replace old entry by new one
Parameters
struct list_head *oldthe element to be replaced
struct list_head *newthe new element to insert
Description
If old was empty, it will be overwritten.
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void list_replace_init(struct list_head *old, struct list_head *new)¶
replace old entry by new one and initialize the old one
Parameters
struct list_head *oldthe element to be replaced
struct list_head *newthe new element to insert
Description
If old was empty, it will be overwritten.
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void list_swap(struct list_head *entry1, struct list_head *entry2)¶
replace entry1 with entry2 and re-add entry1 at entry2’s position
Parameters
struct list_head *entry1the location to place entry2
struct list_head *entry2the location to place entry1
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void list_del_init(struct list_head *entry)¶
deletes entry from list and reinitialize it.
Parameters
struct list_head *entrythe element to delete from the list.
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void list_move(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)¶
delete from one list and add as another’s head
Parameters
struct list_head *listthe entry to move
struct list_head *headthe head that will precede our entry
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void list_move_tail(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)¶
delete from one list and add as another’s tail
Parameters
struct list_head *listthe entry to move
struct list_head *headthe head that will follow our entry
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void list_bulk_move_tail(struct list_head *head, struct list_head *first, struct list_head *last)¶
move a subsection of a list to its tail
Parameters
struct list_head *headthe head that will follow our entry
struct list_head *firstfirst entry to move
struct list_head *lastlast entry to move, can be the same as first
Description
Move all entries between first and including last before head. All three entries must belong to the same linked list.
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int list_is_first(const struct list_head *list, const struct list_head *head)¶
tests whether list is the first entry in list head
Parameters
const struct list_head *listthe entry to test
const struct list_head *headthe head of the list
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int list_is_last(const struct list_head *list, const struct list_head *head)¶
tests whether list is the last entry in list head
Parameters
const struct list_head *listthe entry to test
const struct list_head *headthe head of the list
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int list_is_head(const struct list_head *list, const struct list_head *head)¶
tests whether list is the list head
Parameters
const struct list_head *listthe entry to test
const struct list_head *headthe head of the list
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int list_empty(const struct list_head *head)¶
tests whether a list is empty
Parameters
const struct list_head *headthe list to test.
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void list_del_init_careful(struct list_head *entry)¶
deletes entry from list and reinitialize it.
Parameters
struct list_head *entrythe element to delete from the list.
Description
This is the same as list_del_init(), except designed to be used
together with list_empty_careful() in a way to guarantee ordering
of other memory operations.
Any memory operations done before a list_del_init_careful() are
guaranteed to be visible after a list_empty_careful() test.
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int list_empty_careful(const struct list_head *head)¶
tests whether a list is empty and not being modified
Parameters
const struct list_head *headthe list to test
Description
tests whether a list is empty _and_ checks that no other CPU might be in the process of modifying either member (next or prev)
NOTE
using list_empty_careful() without synchronization
can only be safe if the only activity that can happen
to the list entry is list_del_init(). Eg. it cannot be used
if another CPU could re-list_add() it.
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void list_rotate_left(struct list_head *head)¶
rotate the list to the left
Parameters
struct list_head *headthe head of the list
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void list_rotate_to_front(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)¶
Rotate list to specific item.
Parameters
struct list_head *listThe desired new front of the list.
struct list_head *headThe head of the list.
Description
Rotates list so that list becomes the new front of the list.
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int list_is_singular(const struct list_head *head)¶
tests whether a list has just one entry.
Parameters
const struct list_head *headthe list to test.
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void list_cut_position(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head, struct list_head *entry)¶
cut a list into two
Parameters
struct list_head *lista new list to add all removed entries
struct list_head *heada list with entries
struct list_head *entryan entry within head, could be the head itself and if so we won’t cut the list
Description
This helper moves the initial part of head, up to and including entry, from head to list. You should pass on entry an element you know is on head. list should be an empty list or a list you do not care about losing its data.
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void list_cut_before(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head, struct list_head *entry)¶
cut a list into two, before given entry
Parameters
struct list_head *lista new list to add all removed entries
struct list_head *heada list with entries
struct list_head *entryan entry within head, could be the head itself
Description
This helper moves the initial part of head, up to but excluding entry, from head to list. You should pass in entry an element you know is on head. list should be an empty list or a list you do not care about losing its data. If entry == head, all entries on head are moved to list.
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void list_splice(const struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)¶
join two lists, this is designed for stacks
Parameters
const struct list_head *listthe new list to add.
struct list_head *headthe place to add it in the first list.
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void list_splice_tail(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)¶
join two lists, each list being a queue
Parameters
struct list_head *listthe new list to add.
struct list_head *headthe place to add it in the first list.
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void list_splice_init(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)¶
join two lists and reinitialise the emptied list.
Parameters
struct list_head *listthe new list to add.
struct list_head *headthe place to add it in the first list.
Description
The list at list is reinitialised
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void list_splice_tail_init(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)¶
join two lists and reinitialise the emptied list
Parameters
struct list_head *listthe new list to add.
struct list_head *headthe place to add it in the first list.
Description
Each of the lists is a queue. The list at list is reinitialised
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list_entry¶
list_entry (ptr, type, member)
get the struct for this entry
Parameters
ptrthe
struct list_headpointer.typethe type of the struct this is embedded in.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
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list_first_entry¶
list_first_entry (ptr, type, member)
get the first element from a list
Parameters
ptrthe list head to take the element from.
typethe type of the struct this is embedded in.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Note, that list is expected to be not empty.
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list_last_entry¶
list_last_entry (ptr, type, member)
get the last element from a list
Parameters
ptrthe list head to take the element from.
typethe type of the struct this is embedded in.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Note, that list is expected to be not empty.
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list_first_entry_or_null¶
list_first_entry_or_null (ptr, type, member)
get the first element from a list
Parameters
ptrthe list head to take the element from.
typethe type of the struct this is embedded in.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Note that if the list is empty, it returns NULL.
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list_next_entry¶
list_next_entry (pos, member)
get the next element in list
Parameters
posthe type * to cursor
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
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list_next_entry_circular¶
list_next_entry_circular (pos, head, member)
get the next element in list
Parameters
posthe type * to cursor.
headthe list head to take the element from.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Wraparound if pos is the last element (return the first element). Note, that list is expected to be not empty.
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list_prev_entry¶
list_prev_entry (pos, member)
get the prev element in list
Parameters
posthe type * to cursor
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
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list_prev_entry_circular¶
list_prev_entry_circular (pos, head, member)
get the prev element in list
Parameters
posthe type * to cursor.
headthe list head to take the element from.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Wraparound if pos is the first element (return the last element). Note, that list is expected to be not empty.
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list_for_each¶
list_for_each (pos, head)
iterate over a list
Parameters
posthe
struct list_headto use as a loop cursor.headthe head for your list.
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list_for_each_rcu¶
list_for_each_rcu (pos, head)
Iterate over a list in an RCU-safe fashion
Parameters
posthe
struct list_headto use as a loop cursor.headthe head for your list.
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list_for_each_continue¶
list_for_each_continue (pos, head)
continue iteration over a list
Parameters
posthe
struct list_headto use as a loop cursor.headthe head for your list.
Description
Continue to iterate over a list, continuing after the current position.
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list_for_each_prev¶
list_for_each_prev (pos, head)
iterate over a list backwards
Parameters
posthe
struct list_headto use as a loop cursor.headthe head for your list.
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list_for_each_safe¶
list_for_each_safe (pos, n, head)
iterate over a list safe against removal of list entry
Parameters
posthe
struct list_headto use as a loop cursor.nanother
struct list_headto use as temporary storageheadthe head for your list.
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list_for_each_prev_safe¶
list_for_each_prev_safe (pos, n, head)
iterate over a list backwards safe against removal of list entry
Parameters
posthe
struct list_headto use as a loop cursor.nanother
struct list_headto use as temporary storageheadthe head for your list.
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size_t list_count_nodes(struct list_head *head)¶
count nodes in the list
Parameters
struct list_head *headthe head for your list.
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list_entry_is_head¶
list_entry_is_head (pos, head, member)
test if the entry points to the head of the list
Parameters
posthe type * to cursor
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
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list_for_each_entry¶
list_for_each_entry (pos, head, member)
iterate over list of given type
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
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list_for_each_entry_reverse¶
list_for_each_entry_reverse (pos, head, member)
iterate backwards over list of given type.
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
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list_prepare_entry¶
list_prepare_entry (pos, head, member)
prepare a pos entry for use in
list_for_each_entry_continue()
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a start point
headthe head of the list
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Prepares a pos entry for use as a start point in list_for_each_entry_continue().
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list_for_each_entry_continue¶
list_for_each_entry_continue (pos, head, member)
continue iteration over list of given type
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Continue to iterate over list of given type, continuing after the current position.
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list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse¶
list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse (pos, head, member)
iterate backwards from the given point
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Start to iterate over list of given type backwards, continuing after the current position.
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list_for_each_entry_from¶
list_for_each_entry_from (pos, head, member)
iterate over list of given type from the current point
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Iterate over list of given type, continuing from current position.
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list_for_each_entry_from_reverse¶
list_for_each_entry_from_reverse (pos, head, member)
iterate backwards over list of given type from the current point
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Iterate backwards over list of given type, continuing from current position.
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list_for_each_entry_safe¶
list_for_each_entry_safe (pos, n, head, member)
iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
nanother type * to use as temporary storage
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
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list_for_each_entry_safe_continue¶
list_for_each_entry_safe_continue (pos, n, head, member)
continue list iteration safe against removal
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
nanother type * to use as temporary storage
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Iterate over list of given type, continuing after current point, safe against removal of list entry.
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list_for_each_entry_safe_from¶
list_for_each_entry_safe_from (pos, n, head, member)
iterate over list from current point safe against removal
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
nanother type * to use as temporary storage
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Iterate over list of given type from current point, safe against removal of list entry.
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list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse¶
list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse (pos, n, head, member)
iterate backwards over list safe against removal
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
nanother type * to use as temporary storage
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
Iterate backwards over list of given type, safe against removal of list entry.
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list_safe_reset_next¶
list_safe_reset_next (pos, n, member)
reset a stale list_for_each_entry_safe loop
Parameters
posthe loop cursor used in the list_for_each_entry_safe loop
ntemporary storage used in list_for_each_entry_safe
memberthe name of the list_head within the struct.
Description
list_safe_reset_next is not safe to use in general if the list may be modified concurrently (eg. the lock is dropped in the loop body). An exception to this is if the cursor element (pos) is pinned in the list, and list_safe_reset_next is called after re-taking the lock and before completing the current iteration of the loop body.
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int hlist_unhashed(const struct hlist_node *h)¶
Has node been removed from list and reinitialized?
Parameters
const struct hlist_node *hNode to be checked
Description
Not that not all removal functions will leave a node in unhashed
state. For example, hlist_nulls_del_init_rcu() does leave the
node in unhashed state, but hlist_nulls_del() does not.
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int hlist_unhashed_lockless(const struct hlist_node *h)¶
Version of hlist_unhashed for lockless use
Parameters
const struct hlist_node *hNode to be checked
Description
This variant of hlist_unhashed() must be used in lockless contexts
to avoid potential load-tearing. The READ_ONCE() is paired with the
various WRITE_ONCE() in hlist helpers that are defined below.
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int hlist_empty(const struct hlist_head *h)¶
Is the specified hlist_head structure an empty hlist?
Parameters
const struct hlist_head *hStructure to check.
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void hlist_del(struct hlist_node *n)¶
Delete the specified hlist_node from its list
Parameters
struct hlist_node *nNode to delete.
Description
Note that this function leaves the node in hashed state. Use
hlist_del_init() or similar instead to unhash n.
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void hlist_del_init(struct hlist_node *n)¶
Delete the specified hlist_node from its list and initialize
Parameters
struct hlist_node *nNode to delete.
Description
Note that this function leaves the node in unhashed state.
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void hlist_add_head(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_head *h)¶
add a new entry at the beginning of the hlist
Parameters
struct hlist_node *nnew entry to be added
struct hlist_head *hhlist head to add it after
Description
Insert a new entry after the specified head. This is good for implementing stacks.
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void hlist_add_before(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_node *next)¶
add a new entry before the one specified
Parameters
struct hlist_node *nnew entry to be added
struct hlist_node *nexthlist node to add it before, which must be non-NULL
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void hlist_add_behind(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_node *prev)¶
add a new entry after the one specified
Parameters
struct hlist_node *nnew entry to be added
struct hlist_node *prevhlist node to add it after, which must be non-NULL
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void hlist_add_fake(struct hlist_node *n)¶
create a fake hlist consisting of a single headless node
Parameters
struct hlist_node *nNode to make a fake list out of
Description
This makes n appear to be its own predecessor on a headless hlist.
The point of this is to allow things like hlist_del() to work correctly
in cases where there is no list.
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bool hlist_fake(struct hlist_node *h)¶
Is this node a fake hlist?
Parameters
struct hlist_node *hNode to check for being a self-referential fake hlist.
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bool hlist_is_singular_node(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_head *h)¶
is node the only element of the specified hlist?
Parameters
struct hlist_node *nNode to check for singularity.
struct hlist_head *hHeader for potentially singular list.
Description
Check whether the node is the only node of the head without accessing head, thus avoiding unnecessary cache misses.
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void hlist_move_list(struct hlist_head *old, struct hlist_head *new)¶
Move an hlist
Parameters
struct hlist_head *oldhlist_head for old list.
struct hlist_head *newhlist_head for new list.
Description
Move a list from one list head to another. Fixup the pprev reference of the first entry if it exists.
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hlist_for_each_entry¶
hlist_for_each_entry (pos, head, member)
iterate over list of given type
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
headthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the hlist_node within the struct.
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hlist_for_each_entry_continue¶
hlist_for_each_entry_continue (pos, member)
iterate over a hlist continuing after current point
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
memberthe name of the hlist_node within the struct.
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hlist_for_each_entry_from¶
hlist_for_each_entry_from (pos, member)
iterate over a hlist continuing from current point
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
memberthe name of the hlist_node within the struct.
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hlist_for_each_entry_safe¶
hlist_for_each_entry_safe (pos, n, head, member)
iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry
Parameters
posthe type * to use as a loop cursor.
na
struct hlist_nodeto use as temporary storageheadthe head for your list.
memberthe name of the hlist_node within the struct.
Basic C Library Functions¶
When writing drivers, you cannot in general use routines which are from the C Library. Some of the functions have been found generally useful and they are listed below. The behaviour of these functions may vary slightly from those defined by ANSI, and these deviations are noted in the text.
String Conversions¶
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unsigned long long simple_strtoull(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)¶
convert a string to an unsigned long long
Parameters
const char *cpThe start of the string
char **endpA pointer to the end of the parsed string will be placed here
unsigned int baseThe number base to use
Description
This function has caveats. Please use kstrtoull instead.
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unsigned long simple_strtoul(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)¶
convert a string to an unsigned long
Parameters
const char *cpThe start of the string
char **endpA pointer to the end of the parsed string will be placed here
unsigned int baseThe number base to use
Description
This function has caveats. Please use kstrtoul instead.
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long simple_strtol(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)¶
convert a string to a signed long
Parameters
const char *cpThe start of the string
char **endpA pointer to the end of the parsed string will be placed here
unsigned int baseThe number base to use
Description
This function has caveats. Please use kstrtol instead.
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long long simple_strtoll(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)¶
convert a string to a signed long long
Parameters
const char *cpThe start of the string
char **endpA pointer to the end of the parsed string will be placed here
unsigned int baseThe number base to use
Description
This function has caveats. Please use kstrtoll instead.
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int vsnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, va_list args)¶
Format a string and place it in a buffer
Parameters
char *bufThe buffer to place the result into
size_t sizeThe size of the buffer, including the trailing null space
const char *fmtThe format string to use
va_list argsArguments for the format string
Description
This function generally follows C99 vsnprintf, but has some extensions and a few limitations:
``n``is unsupported
``p``*is handled by pointer()
See pointer() or How to get printk format specifiers right for more extensive description.
Please update the documentation in both places when making changes
The return value is the number of characters which would
be generated for the given input, excluding the trailing
‘0’, as per ISO C99. If you want to have the exact
number of characters written into buf as return value
(not including the trailing ‘0’), use vscnprintf(). If the
return is greater than or equal to size, the resulting
string is truncated.
If you’re not already dealing with a va_list consider using snprintf().
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int vscnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, va_list args)¶
Format a string and place it in a buffer
Parameters
char *bufThe buffer to place the result into
size_t sizeThe size of the buffer, including the trailing null space
const char *fmtThe format string to use
va_list argsArguments for the format string
Description
The return value is the number of characters which have been written into the buf not including the trailing ‘0’. If size is == 0 the function returns 0.
If you’re not already dealing with a va_list consider using scnprintf().
See the vsnprintf() documentation for format string extensions over C99.
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int snprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)¶
Format a string and place it in a buffer
Parameters
char *bufThe buffer to place the result into
size_t sizeThe size of the buffer, including the trailing null space
const char *fmtThe format string to use
...Arguments for the format string
Description
The return value is the number of characters which would be generated for the given input, excluding the trailing null, as per ISO C99. If the return is greater than or equal to size, the resulting string is truncated.
See the vsnprintf() documentation for format string extensions over C99.
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int scnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)¶
Format a string and place it in a buffer
Parameters
char *bufThe buffer to place the result into
size_t sizeThe size of the buffer, including the trailing null space
const char *fmtThe format string to use
...Arguments for the format string
Description
The return value is the number of characters written into buf not including the trailing ‘0’. If size is == 0 the function returns 0.
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int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)¶
Format a string and place it in a buffer
Parameters
char *bufThe buffer to place the result into
const char *fmtThe format string to use
va_list argsArguments for the format string
Description
The function returns the number of characters written
into buf. Use vsnprintf() or vscnprintf() in order to avoid
buffer overflows.
If you’re not already dealing with a va_list consider using sprintf().
See the vsnprintf() documentation for format string extensions over C99.
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int sprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, ...)¶
Format a string and place it in a buffer
Parameters
char *bufThe buffer to place the result into
const char *fmtThe format string to use
...Arguments for the format string
Description
The function returns the number of characters written
into buf. Use snprintf() or scnprintf() in order to avoid
buffer overflows.
See the vsnprintf() documentation for format string extensions over C99.
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int vbin_printf(u32 *bin_buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, va_list args)¶
Parse a format string and place args’ binary value in a buffer
Parameters
u32 *bin_bufThe buffer to place args’ binary value
size_t sizeThe size of the buffer(by words(32bits), not characters)
const char *fmtThe format string to use
va_list argsArguments for the format string
Description
The format follows C99 vsnprintf, except n is ignored, and its argument
is skipped.
The return value is the number of words(32bits) which would be generated for the given input.
NOTE
If the return value is greater than size, the resulting bin_buf is NOT
valid for bstr_printf().
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int bstr_printf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, const u32 *bin_buf)¶
Format a string from binary arguments and place it in a buffer
Parameters
char *bufThe buffer to place the result into
size_t sizeThe size of the buffer, including the trailing null space
const char *fmtThe format string to use
const u32 *bin_bufBinary arguments for the format string
Description
This function like C99 vsnprintf, but the difference is that vsnprintf gets arguments from stack, and bstr_printf gets arguments from bin_buf which is a binary buffer that generated by vbin_printf.
- The format follows C99 vsnprintf, but has some extensions:
see vsnprintf comment for details.
The return value is the number of characters which would
be generated for the given input, excluding the trailing
‘0’, as per ISO C99. If you want to have the exact
number of characters written into buf as return value
(not including the trailing ‘0’), use vscnprintf(). If the
return is greater than or equal to size, the resulting
string is truncated.
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int bprintf(u32 *bin_buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)¶
Parse a format string and place args’ binary value in a buffer
Parameters
u32 *bin_bufThe buffer to place args’ binary value
size_t sizeThe size of the buffer(by words(32bits), not characters)
const char *fmtThe format string to use
...Arguments for the format string
Description
The function returns the number of words(u32) written into bin_buf.
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int vsscanf(const char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)¶
Unformat a buffer into a list of arguments
Parameters
const char *bufinput buffer
const char *fmtformat of buffer
va_list argsarguments
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int sscanf(const char *buf, const char *fmt, ...)¶
Unformat a buffer into a list of arguments
Parameters
const char *bufinput buffer
const char *fmtformatting of buffer
...resulting arguments
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int kstrtoul(const char *s, unsigned int base, unsigned long *res)¶
convert a string to an unsigned long
Parameters
const char *sThe start of the string. The string must be null-terminated, and may also include a single newline before its terminating null. The first character may also be a plus sign, but not a minus sign.
unsigned int baseThe number base to use. The maximum supported base is 16. If base is given as 0, then the base of the string is automatically detected with the conventional semantics - If it begins with 0x the number will be parsed as a hexadecimal (case insensitive), if it otherwise begins with 0, it will be parsed as an octal number. Otherwise it will be parsed as a decimal.
unsigned long *resWhere to write the result of the conversion on success.
Description
Returns 0 on success, -ERANGE on overflow and -EINVAL on parsing error.
Preferred over simple_strtoul(). Return code must be checked.
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int kstrtol(const char *s, unsigned int base, long *res)¶
convert a string to a long
Parameters
const char *sThe start of the string. The string must be null-terminated, and may also include a single newline before its terminating null. The first character may also be a plus sign or a minus sign.
unsigned int baseThe number base to use. The maximum supported base is 16. If base is given as 0, then the base of the string is automatically detected with the conventional semantics - If it begins with 0x the number will be parsed as a hexadecimal (case insensitive), if it otherwise begins with 0, it will be parsed as an octal number. Otherwise it will be parsed as a decimal.
long *resWhere to write the result of the conversion on success.
Description
Returns 0 on success, -ERANGE on overflow and -EINVAL on parsing error.
Preferred over simple_strtol(). Return code must be checked.
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int kstrtoull(const char *s, unsigned int base, unsigned long long *res)¶
convert a string to an unsigned long long
Parameters
const char *sThe start of the string. The string must be null-terminated, and may also include a single newline before its terminating null. The first character may also be a plus sign, but not a minus sign.
unsigned int baseThe number base to use. The maximum supported base is 16. If base is given as 0, then the base of the string is automatically detected with the conventional semantics - If it begins with 0x the number will be parsed as a hexadecimal (case insensitive), if it otherwise begins with 0, it will be parsed as an octal number. Otherwise it will be parsed as a decimal.
unsigned long long *resWhere to write the result of the conversion on success.
Description
Returns 0 on success, -ERANGE on overflow and -EINVAL on parsing error.
Preferred over simple_strtoull(). Return code must be checked.
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int kstrtoll(const char *s, unsigned int base, long long *res)¶
convert a string to a long long
Parameters
const char *sThe start of the string. The string must be null-terminated, and may also include a single newline before its terminating null. The first character may also be a plus sign or a minus sign.
unsigned int baseThe number base to use. The maximum supported base is 16. If base is given as 0, then the base of the string is automatically detected with the conventional semantics - If it begins with 0x the number will be parsed as a hexadecimal (case insensitive), if it otherwise begins with 0, it will be parsed as an octal number. Otherwise it will be parsed as a decimal.
long long *resWhere to write the result of the conversion on success.
Description
Returns 0 on success, -ERANGE on overflow and -EINVAL on parsing error.
Preferred over simple_strtoll(). Return code must be checked.
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int kstrtouint(const char *s, unsigned int base, unsigned int *res)¶
convert a string to an unsigned int
Parameters
const char *sThe start of the string. The string must be null-terminated, and may also include a single newline before its terminating null. The first character may also be a plus sign, but not a minus sign.
unsigned int baseThe number base to use. The maximum supported base is 16. If base is given as 0, then the base of the string is automatically detected with the conventional semantics - If it begins with 0x the number will be parsed as a hexadecimal (case insensitive), if it otherwise begins with 0, it will be parsed as an octal number. Otherwise it will be parsed as a decimal.
unsigned int *resWhere to write the result of the conversion on success.
Description
Returns 0 on success, -ERANGE on overflow and -EINVAL on parsing error.
Preferred over simple_strtoul(). Return code must be checked.
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int kstrtoint(const char *s, unsigned int base, int *res)¶
convert a string to an int
Parameters
const char *sThe start of the string. The string must be null-terminated, and may also include a single newline before its terminating null. The first character may also be a plus sign or a minus sign.
unsigned int baseThe number base to use. The maximum supported base is 16. If base is given as 0, then the base of the string is automatically detected with the conventional semantics - If it begins with 0x the number will be parsed as a hexadecimal (case insensitive), if it otherwise begins with 0, it will be parsed as an octal number. Otherwise it will be parsed as a decimal.
int *resWhere to write the result of the conversion on success.
Description
Returns 0 on success, -ERANGE on overflow and -EINVAL on parsing error.
Preferred over simple_strtol(). Return code must be checked.
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int kstrtobool(const char *s, bool *res)¶
convert common user inputs into boolean values
Parameters
const char *sinput string
bool *resresult
Description
This routine returns 0 iff the first character is one of ‘YyTt1NnFf0’, or [oO][NnFf] for “on” and “off”. Otherwise it will return -EINVAL. Value pointed to by res is updated upon finding a match.
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void string_get_size(u64 size, u64 blk_size, const enum string_size_units units, char *buf, int len)¶
get the size in the specified units
Parameters
u64 sizeThe size to be converted in blocks
u64 blk_sizeSize of the block (use 1 for size in bytes)
const enum string_size_units unitsunits to use (powers of 1000 or 1024)
char *bufbuffer to format to
int lenlength of buffer
Description
This function returns a string formatted to 3 significant figures giving the size in the required units. buf should have room for at least 9 bytes and will always be zero terminated.
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int parse_int_array_user(const char __user *from, size_t count, int **array)¶
Split string into a sequence of integers
Parameters
const char __user *fromThe user space buffer to read from
size_t countThe maximum number of bytes to read
int **arrayReturned pointer to sequence of integers
Description
On success array is allocated and initialized with a sequence of integers extracted from the from plus an additional element that begins the sequence and specifies the integers count.
Caller takes responsibility for freeing array when it is no longer needed.
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int string_unescape(char *src, char *dst, size_t size, unsigned int flags)¶
unquote characters in the given string
Parameters
char *srcsource buffer (escaped)
char *dstdestination buffer (unescaped)
size_t sizesize of the destination buffer (0 to unlimit)
unsigned int flagscombination of the flags.
Description
The function unquotes characters in the given string.
Because the size of the output will be the same as or less than the size of the input, the transformation may be performed in place.
Caller must provide valid source and destination pointers. Be aware that destination buffer will always be NULL-terminated. Source string must be NULL-terminated as well. The supported flags are:
UNESCAPE_SPACE:
'\f' - form feed
'\n' - new line
'\r' - carriage return
'\t' - horizontal tab
'\v' - vertical tab
UNESCAPE_OCTAL:
'\NNN' - byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)
UNESCAPE_HEX:
'\xHH' - byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits)
UNESCAPE_SPECIAL:
'\"' - double quote
'\\' - backslash
'\a' - alert (BEL)
'\e' - escape
UNESCAPE_ANY:
all previous together
Return
The amount of the characters processed to the destination buffer excluding trailing ‘0’ is returned.
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int string_escape_mem(const char *src, size_t isz, char *dst, size_t osz, unsigned int flags, const char *only)¶
quote characters in the given memory buffer
Parameters
const char *srcsource buffer (unescaped)
size_t iszsource buffer size
char *dstdestination buffer (escaped)
size_t oszdestination buffer size
unsigned int flagscombination of the flags
const char *onlyNULL-terminated string containing characters used to limit the selected escape class. If characters are included in only that would not normally be escaped by the classes selected in flags, they will be copied to dst unescaped.
Description
The process of escaping byte buffer includes several parts. They are applied in the following sequence.
The character is not matched to the one from only string and thus must go as-is to the output.
The character is matched to the printable and ASCII classes, if asked, and in case of match it passes through to the output.
The character is matched to the printable or ASCII class, if asked, and in case of match it passes through to the output.
The character is checked if it falls into the class given by flags.
ESCAPE_OCTALandESCAPE_HEXare going last since they cover any character. Note that they actually can’t go together, otherwiseESCAPE_HEXwill be ignored.
Caller must provide valid source and destination pointers. Be aware that destination buffer will not be NULL-terminated, thus caller have to append it if needs. The supported flags are:
%ESCAPE_SPACE: (special white space, not space itself)
'\f' - form feed
'\n' - new line
'\r' - carriage return
'\t' - horizontal tab
'\v' - vertical tab
%ESCAPE_SPECIAL:
'\"' - double quote
'\\' - backslash
'\a' - alert (BEL)
'\e' - escape
%ESCAPE_NULL:
'\0' - null
%ESCAPE_OCTAL:
'\NNN' - byte with octal value NNN (3 digits)
%ESCAPE_ANY:
all previous together
%ESCAPE_NP:
escape only non-printable characters, checked by isprint()
%ESCAPE_ANY_NP:
all previous together
%ESCAPE_HEX:
'\xHH' - byte with hexadecimal value HH (2 digits)
%ESCAPE_NA:
escape only non-ascii characters, checked by isascii()
%ESCAPE_NAP:
escape only non-printable or non-ascii characters
%ESCAPE_APPEND:
append characters from @only to be escaped by the given classes
ESCAPE_APPEND would help to pass additional characters to the escaped, when
one of ESCAPE_NP, ESCAPE_NA, or ESCAPE_NAP is provided.
One notable caveat, the ESCAPE_NAP, ESCAPE_NP and ESCAPE_NA have the
higher priority than the rest of the flags (ESCAPE_NAP is the highest).
It doesn’t make much sense to use either of them without ESCAPE_OCTAL
or ESCAPE_HEX, because they cover most of the other character classes.
ESCAPE_NAP can utilize ESCAPE_SPACE or ESCAPE_SPECIAL in addition to
the above.
Return
The total size of the escaped output that would be generated for the given input and flags. To check whether the output was truncated, compare the return value to osz. There is room left in dst for a ‘0’ terminator if and only if ret < osz.
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char **kasprintf_strarray(gfp_t gfp, const char *prefix, size_t n)¶
allocate and fill array of sequential strings
Parameters
gfp_t gfpflags for the slab allocator
const char *prefixprefix to be used
size_t namount of lines to be allocated and filled
Description
Allocates and fills n strings using pattern “s-````zu”, where prefix
is provided by caller. The caller is responsible to free them with
kfree_strarray() after use.
Returns array of strings or NULL when memory can’t be allocated.
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void kfree_strarray(char **array, size_t n)¶
free a number of dynamically allocated strings contained in an array and the array itself
Parameters
char **arrayDynamically allocated array of strings to free.
size_t nNumber of strings (starting from the beginning of the array) to free.
Description
Passing a non-NULL array and n == 0 as well as NULL array are valid use-cases. If array is NULL, the function does nothing.
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ssize_t strscpy_pad(char *dest, const char *src, size_t count)¶
Copy a C-string into a sized buffer
Parameters
char *destWhere to copy the string to
const char *srcWhere to copy the string from
size_t countSize of destination buffer
Description
Copy the string, or as much of it as fits, into the dest buffer. The
behavior is undefined if the string buffers overlap. The destination
buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it’s zero-sized.
If the source string is shorter than the destination buffer, zeros the tail of the destination buffer.
For full explanation of why you may want to consider using the
‘strscpy’ functions please see the function docstring for strscpy().
Return
The number of characters copied (not including the trailing
NUL)-E2BIG if count is 0 or src was truncated.
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char *skip_spaces(const char *str)¶
Removes leading whitespace from str.
Parameters
const char *strThe string to be stripped.
Description
Returns a pointer to the first non-whitespace character in str.
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char *strim(char *s)¶
Removes leading and trailing whitespace from s.
Parameters
char *sThe string to be stripped.
Description
Note that the first trailing whitespace is replaced with a NUL-terminator
in the given string s. Returns a pointer to the first non-whitespace
character in s.
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bool sysfs_streq(const char *s1, const char *s2)¶
return true if strings are equal, modulo trailing newline
Parameters
const char *s1one string
const char *s2another string
Description
This routine returns true iff two strings are equal, treating both NUL and newline-then-NUL as equivalent string terminations. It’s geared for use with sysfs input strings, which generally terminate with newlines but are compared against values without newlines.
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int match_string(const char *const *array, size_t n, const char *string)¶
matches given string in an array
Parameters
const char * const *arrayarray of strings
size_t nnumber of strings in the array or -1 for NULL terminated arrays
const char *stringstring to match with
Description
This routine will look for a string in an array of strings up to the n-th element in the array or until the first NULL element.
Historically the value of -1 for n, was used to search in arrays that are NULL terminated. However, the function does not make a distinction when finishing the search: either n elements have been compared OR the first NULL element was found.
Return
index of a string in the array if matches, or -EINVAL otherwise.
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int __sysfs_match_string(const char *const *array, size_t n, const char *str)¶
matches given string in an array
Parameters
const char * const *arrayarray of strings
size_t nnumber of strings in the array or -1 for NULL terminated arrays
const char *strstring to match with
Description
Returns index of str in the array or -EINVAL, just like match_string().
Uses sysfs_streq instead of strcmp for matching.
This routine will look for a string in an array of strings up to the n-th element in the array or until the first NULL element.
Historically the value of -1 for n, was used to search in arrays that are NULL terminated. However, the function does not make a distinction when finishing the search: either n elements have been compared OR the first NULL element was found.
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char *strreplace(char *s, char old, char new)¶
Replace all occurrences of character in string.
Parameters
char *sThe string to operate on.
char oldThe character being replaced.
char newThe character old is replaced with.
Description
Returns pointer to the nul byte at the end of s.
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void memcpy_and_pad(void *dest, size_t dest_len, const void *src, size_t count, int pad)¶
Copy one buffer to another with padding
Parameters
void *destWhere to copy to
size_t dest_lenThe destination buffer size
const void *srcWhere to copy from
size_t countThe number of bytes to copy
int padCharacter to use for padding if space is left in destination.
String Manipulation¶
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unsafe_memcpy¶
unsafe_memcpy (dst, src, bytes, justification)
memcpy implementation with no FORTIFY bounds checking
Parameters
dstDestination memory address to write to
srcSource memory address to read from
bytesHow many bytes to write to dst from src
justificationFree-form text or comment describing why the use is needed
Description
This should be used for corner cases where the compiler cannot do the right thing, or during transitions between APIs, etc. It should be used very rarely, and includes a place for justification detailing where bounds checking has happened, and why existing solutions cannot be employed.
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char *strncpy(char *const p, const char *q, __kernel_size_t size)¶
Copy a string to memory with non-guaranteed NUL padding
Parameters
char * const ppointer to destination of copy
const char *qpointer to NUL-terminated source string to copy
__kernel_size_t sizebytes to write at p
Description
If strlen(q) >= size, the copy of q will stop after size bytes, and p will NOT be NUL-terminated
If strlen(q) < size, following the copy of q, trailing NUL bytes will be written to p until size total bytes have been written.
Do not use this function. While FORTIFY_SOURCE tries to avoid
over-reads of q, it cannot defend against writing unterminated
results to p. Using strncpy() remains ambiguous and fragile.
Instead, please choose an alternative, so that the expectation
of p’s contents is unambiguous:
p needs to be: |
padded to size |
not padded |
|---|---|---|
NUL-terminated |
||
not NUL-terminated |
Note strscpy*()’s differing return values for detecting truncation, and strtomem*()’s expectation that the destination is marked with __nonstring when it is a character array.
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char *strcat(char *const p, const char *q)¶
Append a string to an existing string
Parameters
char * const ppointer to NUL-terminated string to append to
const char *qpointer to NUL-terminated source string to append from
Description
Do not use this function. While FORTIFY_SOURCE tries to avoid
read and write overflows, this is only possible when the
destination buffer size is known to the compiler. Prefer
building the string with formatting, via scnprintf() or similar.
At the very least, use strncat().
Returns p.
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__kernel_size_t strnlen(const char *const p, __kernel_size_t maxlen)¶
Return bounded count of characters in a NUL-terminated string
Parameters
const char * const ppointer to NUL-terminated string to count.
__kernel_size_t maxlenmaximum number of characters to count.
Description
Returns number of characters in p (NOT including the final NUL), or maxlen, if no NUL has been found up to there.
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strlen¶
strlen (p)
Return count of characters in a NUL-terminated string
Parameters
ppointer to NUL-terminated string to count.
Description
Do not use this function unless the string length is known at
compile-time. When p is unterminated, this function may crash
or return unexpected counts that could lead to memory content
exposures. Prefer strnlen().
Returns number of characters in p (NOT including the final NUL).
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size_t strlcpy(char *const p, const char *const q, size_t size)¶
Copy a string into another string buffer
Parameters
char * const ppointer to destination of copy
const char * const qpointer to NUL-terminated source string to copy
size_t sizemaximum number of bytes to write at p
Description
If strlen(q) >= size, the copy of q will be truncated at size - 1 bytes. p will always be NUL-terminated.
Do not use this function. While FORTIFY_SOURCE tries to avoid
over-reads when calculating strlen(q), it is still possible.
Prefer strscpy(), though note its different return values for
detecting truncation.
Returns total number of bytes written to p, including terminating NUL.
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ssize_t strscpy(char *const p, const char *const q, size_t size)¶
Copy a C-string into a sized buffer
Parameters
char * const pWhere to copy the string to
const char * const qWhere to copy the string from
size_t sizeSize of destination buffer
Description
Copy the source string p, or as much of it as fits, into the destination q buffer. The behavior is undefined if the string buffers overlap. The destination p buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it’s zero-sized.
Preferred to strlcpy() since the API doesn’t require reading memory
from the source q string beyond the specified size bytes, and since
the return value is easier to error-check than strlcpy()’s.
In addition, the implementation is robust to the string changing out
from underneath it, unlike the current strlcpy() implementation.
Preferred to strncpy() since it always returns a valid string, and
doesn’t unnecessarily force the tail of the destination buffer to be
zero padded. If padding is desired please use strscpy_pad().
Returns the number of characters copied in p (not including the
trailing NUL) or -E2BIG if size is 0 or the copy of q was truncated.
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char *strncat(char *const p, const char *const q, __kernel_size_t count)¶
Append a string to an existing string
Parameters
char * const ppointer to NUL-terminated string to append to
const char * const qpointer to source string to append from
__kernel_size_t countMaximum bytes to read from q
Description
Appends at most count bytes from q (stopping at the first NUL byte) after the NUL-terminated string at p. p will be NUL-terminated.
Do not use this function. While FORTIFY_SOURCE tries to avoid
read and write overflows, this is only possible when the sizes
of p and q are known to the compiler. Prefer building the
string with formatting, via scnprintf() or similar.
Returns p.
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char *strcpy(char *const p, const char *const q)¶
Copy a string into another string buffer
Parameters
char * const ppointer to destination of copy
const char * const qpointer to NUL-terminated source string to copy
Description
Do not use this function. While FORTIFY_SOURCE tries to avoid
overflows, this is only possible when the sizes of q and p are
known to the compiler. Prefer strscpy(), though note its different
return values for detecting truncation.
Returns p.
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int strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t len)¶
Case insensitive, length-limited string comparison
Parameters
const char *s1One string
const char *s2The other string
size_t lenthe maximum number of characters to compare
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char *stpcpy(char *__restrict__ dest, const char *__restrict__ src)¶
copy a string from src to dest returning a pointer to the new end of dest, including src’s
NUL-terminator. May overrun dest.
Parameters
char *__restrict__ destpointer to end of string being copied into. Must be large enough to receive copy.
const char *__restrict__ srcpointer to the beginning of string being copied from. Must not overlap dest.
Description
stpcpy differs from strcpy in a key way: the return value is a pointer
to the new NUL-terminating character in dest. (For strcpy, the return
value is a pointer to the start of dest). This interface is considered
unsafe as it doesn’t perform bounds checking of the inputs. As such it’s
not recommended for usage. Instead, its definition is provided in case
the compiler lowers other libcalls to stpcpy.
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int strcmp(const char *cs, const char *ct)¶
Compare two strings
Parameters
const char *csOne string
const char *ctAnother string
-
int strncmp(const char *cs, const char *ct, size_t count)¶
Compare two length-limited strings
Parameters
const char *csOne string
const char *ctAnother string
size_t countThe maximum number of bytes to compare
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char *strchr(const char *s, int c)¶
Find the first occurrence of a character in a string
Parameters
const char *sThe string to be searched
int cThe character to search for
Description
Note that the NUL-terminator is considered part of the string, and can
be searched for.
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char *strchrnul(const char *s, int c)¶
Find and return a character in a string, or end of string
Parameters
const char *sThe string to be searched
int cThe character to search for
Description
Returns pointer to first occurrence of ‘c’ in s. If c is not found, then return a pointer to the null byte at the end of s.
-
char *strrchr(const char *s, int c)¶
Find the last occurrence of a character in a string
Parameters
const char *sThe string to be searched
int cThe character to search for
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char *strnchr(const char *s, size_t count, int c)¶
Find a character in a length limited string
Parameters
const char *sThe string to be searched
size_t countThe number of characters to be searched
int cThe character to search for
Description
Note that the NUL-terminator is considered part of the string, and can
be searched for.
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size_t strspn(const char *s, const char *accept)¶
Calculate the length of the initial substring of s which only contain letters in accept
Parameters
const char *sThe string to be searched
const char *acceptThe string to search for
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size_t strcspn(const char *s, const char *reject)¶
Calculate the length of the initial substring of s which does not contain letters in reject
Parameters
const char *sThe string to be searched
const char *rejectThe string to avoid
-
char *strpbrk(const char *cs, const char *ct)¶
Find the first occurrence of a set of characters
Parameters
const char *csThe string to be searched
const char *ctThe characters to search for
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char *strsep(char **s, const char *ct)¶
Split a string into tokens
Parameters
char **sThe string to be searched
const char *ctThe characters to search for
Description
strsep() updates s to point after the token, ready for the next call.
It returns empty tokens, too, behaving exactly like the libc function of that name. In fact, it was stolen from glibc2 and de-fancy-fied. Same semantics, slimmer shape. ;)
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void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t count)¶
Fill a region of memory with the given value
Parameters
void *sPointer to the start of the area.
int cThe byte to fill the area with
size_t countThe size of the area.
Description
Do not use memset() to access IO space, use memset_io() instead.
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void *memset16(uint16_t *s, uint16_t v, size_t count)¶
Fill a memory area with a uint16_t
Parameters
uint16_t *sPointer to the start of the area.
uint16_t vThe value to fill the area with
size_t countThe number of values to store
Description
Differs from memset() in that it fills with a uint16_t instead
of a byte. Remember that count is the number of uint16_ts to
store, not the number of bytes.
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void *memset32(uint32_t *s, uint32_t v, size_t count)¶
Fill a memory area with a uint32_t
Parameters
uint32_t *sPointer to the start of the area.
uint32_t vThe value to fill the area with
size_t countThe number of values to store
Description
Differs from memset() in that it fills with a uint32_t instead
of a byte. Remember that count is the number of uint32_ts to
store, not the number of bytes.
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void *memset64(uint64_t *s, uint64_t v, size_t count)¶
Fill a memory area with a uint64_t
Parameters
uint64_t *sPointer to the start of the area.
uint64_t vThe value to fill the area with
size_t countThe number of values to store
Description
Differs from memset() in that it fills with a uint64_t instead
of a byte. Remember that count is the number of uint64_ts to
store, not the number of bytes.
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void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count)¶
Copy one area of memory to another
Parameters
void *destWhere to copy to
const void *srcWhere to copy from
size_t countThe size of the area.
Description
You should not use this function to access IO space, use memcpy_toio() or memcpy_fromio() instead.
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void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count)¶
Copy one area of memory to another
Parameters
void *destWhere to copy to
const void *srcWhere to copy from
size_t countThe size of the area.
Description
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__visible int memcmp(const void *cs, const void *ct, size_t count)¶
Compare two areas of memory
Parameters
const void *csOne area of memory
const void *ctAnother area of memory
size_t countThe size of the area.
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int bcmp(const void *a, const void *b, size_t len)¶
returns 0 if and only if the buffers have identical contents.
Parameters
const void *apointer to first buffer.
const void *bpointer to second buffer.
size_t lensize of buffers.
Description
The sign or magnitude of a non-zero return value has no particular
meaning, and architectures may implement their own more efficient bcmp(). So
while this particular implementation is a simple (tail) call to memcmp, do
not rely on anything but whether the return value is zero or non-zero.
-
void *memscan(void *addr, int c, size_t size)¶
Find a character in an area of memory.
Parameters
void *addrThe memory area
int cThe byte to search for
size_t sizeThe size of the area.
Description
returns the address of the first occurrence of c, or 1 byte past the area if c is not found
-
char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2)¶
Find the first substring in a
NULterminated string
Parameters
const char *s1The string to be searched
const char *s2The string to search for
-
char *strnstr(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t len)¶
Find the first substring in a length-limited string
Parameters
const char *s1The string to be searched
const char *s2The string to search for
size_t lenthe maximum number of characters to search
-
void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n)¶
Find a character in an area of memory.
Parameters
const void *sThe memory area
int cThe byte to search for
size_t nThe size of the area.
Description
returns the address of the first occurrence of c, or NULL
if c is not found
-
void *memchr_inv(const void *start, int c, size_t bytes)¶
Find an unmatching character in an area of memory.
Parameters
const void *startThe memory area
int cFind a character other than c
size_t bytesThe size of the area.
Description
returns the address of the first character other than c, or NULL
if the whole buffer contains just c.
-
sysfs_match_string¶
sysfs_match_string (_a, _s)
matches given string in an array
Parameters
_aarray of strings
_sstring to match with
Description
Helper for __sysfs_match_string(). Calculates the size of a automatically.
-
bool strstarts(const char *str, const char *prefix)¶
does str start with prefix?
Parameters
const char *strstring to examine
const char *prefixprefix to look for.
-
void memzero_explicit(void *s, size_t count)¶
Fill a region of memory (e.g. sensitive keying data) with 0s.
Parameters
void *sPointer to the start of the area.
size_t countThe size of the area.
Note
usually using memset() is just fine (!), but in cases
where clearing out _local_ data at the end of a scope is
necessary, memzero_explicit() should be used instead in
order to prevent the compiler from optimising away zeroing.
Description
memzero_explicit() doesn’t need an arch-specific version as
it just invokes the one of memset() implicitly.
-
const char *kbasename(const char *path)¶
return the last part of a pathname.
Parameters
const char *pathpath to extract the filename from.
-
strtomem_pad¶
strtomem_pad (dest, src, pad)
Copy NUL-terminated string to non-NUL-terminated buffer
Parameters
destPointer of destination character array (marked as __nonstring)
srcPointer to NUL-terminated string
padPadding character to fill any remaining bytes of dest after copy
Description
This is a replacement for strncpy() uses where the destination is not
a NUL-terminated string, but with bounds checking on the source size, and
an explicit padding character. If padding is not required, use strtomem().
Note that the size of dest is not an argument, as the length of dest must be discoverable by the compiler.
-
strtomem¶
strtomem (dest, src)
Copy NUL-terminated string to non-NUL-terminated buffer
Parameters
destPointer of destination character array (marked as __nonstring)
srcPointer to NUL-terminated string
Description
This is a replacement for strncpy() uses where the destination is not
a NUL-terminated string, but with bounds checking on the source size, and
without trailing padding. If padding is required, use strtomem_pad().
Note that the size of dest is not an argument, as the length of dest must be discoverable by the compiler.
-
memset_after¶
memset_after (obj, v, member)
Set a value after a struct member to the end of a struct
Parameters
objAddress of target struct instance
vByte value to repeatedly write
memberafter which struct member to start writing bytes
Description
This is good for clearing padding following the given member.
-
memset_startat¶
memset_startat (obj, v, member)
Set a value starting at a member to the end of a struct
Parameters
objAddress of target struct instance
vByte value to repeatedly write
memberstruct member to start writing at
Description
Note that if there is padding between the prior member and the target
member, memset_after() should be used to clear the prior padding.
-
size_t str_has_prefix(const char *str, const char *prefix)¶
Test if a string has a given prefix
Parameters
const char *strThe string to test
const char *prefixThe string to see if str starts with
Description
- A common way to test a prefix of a string is to do:
strncmp(str, prefix, sizeof(prefix) - 1)
But this can lead to bugs due to typos, or if prefix is a pointer
and not a constant. Instead use str_has_prefix().
Return
strlen(prefix) if str starts with prefix
0 if str does not start with prefix
-
char *kstrdup(const char *s, gfp_t gfp)¶
allocate space for and copy an existing string
Parameters
const char *sthe string to duplicate
gfp_t gfpthe GFP mask used in the
kmalloc()call when allocating memory
Return
newly allocated copy of s or NULL in case of error
-
const char *kstrdup_const(const char *s, gfp_t gfp)¶
conditionally duplicate an existing const string
Parameters
const char *sthe string to duplicate
gfp_t gfpthe GFP mask used in the
kmalloc()call when allocating memory
Note
Strings allocated by kstrdup_const should be freed by kfree_const and
must not be passed to krealloc().
Return
source string if it is in .rodata section otherwise fallback to kstrdup.
-
char *kstrndup(const char *s, size_t max, gfp_t gfp)¶
allocate space for and copy an existing string
Parameters
const char *sthe string to duplicate
size_t maxread at most max chars from s
gfp_t gfpthe GFP mask used in the
kmalloc()call when allocating memory
Note
Use kmemdup_nul() instead if the size is known exactly.
Return
newly allocated copy of s or NULL in case of error
-
void *kmemdup(const void *src, size_t len, gfp_t gfp)¶
duplicate region of memory
Parameters
const void *srcmemory region to duplicate
size_t lenmemory region length
gfp_t gfpGFP mask to use
Return
newly allocated copy of src or NULL in case of error,
result is physically contiguous. Use kfree() to free.
-
char *kmemdup_nul(const char *s, size_t len, gfp_t gfp)¶
Create a NUL-terminated string from unterminated data
Parameters
const char *sThe data to stringify
size_t lenThe size of the data
gfp_t gfpthe GFP mask used in the
kmalloc()call when allocating memory
Return
newly allocated copy of s with NUL-termination or NULL in
case of error
-
void *memdup_user(const void __user *src, size_t len)¶
duplicate memory region from user space
Parameters
const void __user *srcsource address in user space
size_t lennumber of bytes to copy
Return
an ERR_PTR() on failure. Result is physically
contiguous, to be freed by kfree().
-
void *vmemdup_user(const void __user *src, size_t len)¶
duplicate memory region from user space
Parameters
const void __user *srcsource address in user space
size_t lennumber of bytes to copy
Return
an ERR_PTR() on failure. Result may be not
physically contiguous. Use kvfree() to free.
-
char *strndup_user(const char __user *s, long n)¶
duplicate an existing string from user space
Parameters
const char __user *sThe string to duplicate
long nMaximum number of bytes to copy, including the trailing NUL.
Return
newly allocated copy of s or an ERR_PTR() in case of error
-
void *memdup_user_nul(const void __user *src, size_t len)¶
duplicate memory region from user space and NUL-terminate
Parameters
const void __user *srcsource address in user space
size_t lennumber of bytes to copy
Return
an ERR_PTR() on failure.
Basic Kernel Library Functions¶
The Linux kernel provides more basic utility functions.
Bit Operations¶
-
void set_bit(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Atomically set a bit in memory
Parameters
long nrthe bit to set
volatile unsigned long *addrthe address to start counting from
Description
This is a relaxed atomic operation (no implied memory barriers).
Note that nr may be almost arbitrarily large; this function is not restricted to acting on a single-word quantity.
-
void clear_bit(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Clears a bit in memory
Parameters
long nrBit to clear
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to start counting from
Description
This is a relaxed atomic operation (no implied memory barriers).
-
void change_bit(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Toggle a bit in memory
Parameters
long nrBit to change
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to start counting from
Description
This is a relaxed atomic operation (no implied memory barriers).
Note that nr may be almost arbitrarily large; this function is not restricted to acting on a single-word quantity.
-
bool test_and_set_bit(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Set a bit and return its old value
Parameters
long nrBit to set
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to count from
Description
This is an atomic fully-ordered operation (implied full memory barrier).
-
bool test_and_clear_bit(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Clear a bit and return its old value
Parameters
long nrBit to clear
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to count from
Description
This is an atomic fully-ordered operation (implied full memory barrier).
-
bool test_and_change_bit(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Change a bit and return its old value
Parameters
long nrBit to change
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to count from
Description
This is an atomic fully-ordered operation (implied full memory barrier).
-
void ___set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Set a bit in memory
Parameters
unsigned long nrthe bit to set
volatile unsigned long *addrthe address to start counting from
Description
Unlike set_bit(), this function is non-atomic. If it is called on the same
region of memory concurrently, the effect may be that only one operation
succeeds.
-
void ___clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Clears a bit in memory
Parameters
unsigned long nrthe bit to clear
volatile unsigned long *addrthe address to start counting from
Description
Unlike clear_bit(), this function is non-atomic. If it is called on the same
region of memory concurrently, the effect may be that only one operation
succeeds.
-
void ___change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Toggle a bit in memory
Parameters
unsigned long nrthe bit to change
volatile unsigned long *addrthe address to start counting from
Description
Unlike change_bit(), this function is non-atomic. If it is called on the same
region of memory concurrently, the effect may be that only one operation
succeeds.
-
bool ___test_and_set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Set a bit and return its old value
Parameters
unsigned long nrBit to set
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to count from
Description
This operation is non-atomic. If two instances of this operation race, one can appear to succeed but actually fail.
-
bool ___test_and_clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Clear a bit and return its old value
Parameters
unsigned long nrBit to clear
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to count from
Description
This operation is non-atomic. If two instances of this operation race, one can appear to succeed but actually fail.
-
bool ___test_and_change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Change a bit and return its old value
Parameters
unsigned long nrBit to change
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to count from
Description
This operation is non-atomic. If two instances of this operation race, one can appear to succeed but actually fail.
-
bool _test_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile const unsigned long *addr)¶
Determine whether a bit is set
Parameters
unsigned long nrbit number to test
const volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to start counting from
-
bool _test_bit_acquire(unsigned long nr, volatile const unsigned long *addr)¶
Determine, with acquire semantics, whether a bit is set
Parameters
unsigned long nrbit number to test
const volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to start counting from
-
void clear_bit_unlock(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Clear a bit in memory, for unlock
Parameters
long nrthe bit to set
volatile unsigned long *addrthe address to start counting from
Description
This operation is atomic and provides release barrier semantics.
-
void __clear_bit_unlock(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Clears a bit in memory
Parameters
long nrBit to clear
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to start counting from
Description
This is a non-atomic operation but implies a release barrier before the memory operation. It can be used for an unlock if no other CPUs can concurrently modify other bits in the word.
-
bool test_and_set_bit_lock(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Set a bit and return its old value, for lock
Parameters
long nrBit to set
volatile unsigned long *addrAddress to count from
Description
This operation is atomic and provides acquire barrier semantics if the returned value is 0. It can be used to implement bit locks.
-
bool clear_bit_unlock_is_negative_byte(long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)¶
Clear a bit in memory and test if bottom byte is negative, for unlock.
Parameters
long nrthe bit to clear
volatile unsigned long *addrthe address to start counting from
Description
This operation is atomic and provides release barrier semantics.
This is a bit of a one-trick-pony for the filemap code, which clears PG_locked and tests PG_waiters,
Bitmap Operations¶
bitmaps provide an array of bits, implemented using an array of unsigned longs. The number of valid bits in a given bitmap does _not_ need to be an exact multiple of BITS_PER_LONG.
The possible unused bits in the last, partially used word of a bitmap are ‘don’t care’. The implementation makes no particular effort to keep them zero. It ensures that their value will not affect the results of any operation. The bitmap operations that return Boolean (bitmap_empty, for example) or scalar (bitmap_weight, for example) results carefully filter out these unused bits from impacting their results.
The byte ordering of bitmaps is more natural on little endian architectures. See the big-endian headers include/asm-ppc64/bitops.h and include/asm-s390/bitops.h for the best explanations of this ordering.
The DECLARE_BITMAP(name,bits) macro, in linux/types.h, can be used to declare an array named ‘name’ of just enough unsigned longs to contain all bit positions from 0 to ‘bits’ - 1.
The available bitmap operations and their rough meaning in the case that the bitmap is a single unsigned long are thus:
The generated code is more efficient when nbits is known at compile-time and at most BITS_PER_LONG.
bitmap_zero(dst, nbits) *dst = 0UL
bitmap_fill(dst, nbits) *dst = ~0UL
bitmap_copy(dst, src, nbits) *dst = *src
bitmap_and(dst, src1, src2, nbits) *dst = *src1 & *src2
bitmap_or(dst, src1, src2, nbits) *dst = *src1 | *src2
bitmap_xor(dst, src1, src2, nbits) *dst = *src1 ^ *src2
bitmap_andnot(dst, src1, src2, nbits) *dst = *src1 & ~(*src2)
bitmap_complement(dst, src, nbits) *dst = ~(*src)
bitmap_equal(src1, src2, nbits) Are *src1 and *src2 equal?
bitmap_intersects(src1, src2, nbits) Do *src1 and *src2 overlap?
bitmap_subset(src1, src2, nbits) Is *src1 a subset of *src2?
bitmap_empty(src, nbits) Are all bits zero in *src?
bitmap_full(src, nbits) Are all bits set in *src?
bitmap_weight(src, nbits) Hamming Weight: number set bits
bitmap_weight_and(src1, src2, nbits) Hamming Weight of and'ed bitmap
bitmap_set(dst, pos, nbits) Set specified bit area
bitmap_clear(dst, pos, nbits) Clear specified bit area
bitmap_find_next_zero_area(buf, len, pos, n, mask) Find bit free area
bitmap_find_next_zero_area_off(buf, len, pos, n, mask, mask_off) as above
bitmap_shift_right(dst, src, n, nbits) *dst = *src >> n
bitmap_shift_left(dst, src, n, nbits) *dst = *src << n
bitmap_cut(dst, src, first, n, nbits) Cut n bits from first, copy rest
bitmap_replace(dst, old, new, mask, nbits) *dst = (*old & ~(*mask)) | (*new & *mask)
bitmap_remap(dst, src, old, new, nbits) *dst = map(old, new)(src)
bitmap_bitremap(oldbit, old, new, nbits) newbit = map(old, new)(oldbit)
bitmap_onto(dst, orig, relmap, nbits) *dst = orig relative to relmap
bitmap_fold(dst, orig, sz, nbits) dst bits = orig bits mod sz
bitmap_parse(buf, buflen, dst, nbits) Parse bitmap dst from kernel buf
bitmap_parse_user(ubuf, ulen, dst, nbits) Parse bitmap dst from user buf
bitmap_parselist(buf, dst, nbits) Parse bitmap dst from kernel buf
bitmap_parselist_user(buf, dst, nbits) Parse bitmap dst from user buf
bitmap_find_free_region(bitmap, bits, order) Find and allocate bit region
bitmap_release_region(bitmap, pos, order) Free specified bit region
bitmap_allocate_region(bitmap, pos, order) Allocate specified bit region
bitmap_from_arr32(dst, buf, nbits) Copy nbits from u32[] buf to dst
bitmap_from_arr64(dst, buf, nbits) Copy nbits from u64[] buf to dst
bitmap_to_arr32(buf, src, nbits) Copy nbits from buf to u32[] dst
bitmap_to_arr64(buf, src, nbits) Copy nbits from buf to u64[] dst
bitmap_get_value8(map, start) Get 8bit value from map at start
bitmap_set_value8(map, value, start) Set 8bit value to map at start
Note, bitmap_zero() and bitmap_fill() operate over the region of unsigned longs, that is, bits behind bitmap till the unsigned long boundary will be zeroed or filled as well. Consider to use bitmap_clear() or bitmap_set() to make explicit zeroing or filling respectively.
Also the following operations in asm/bitops.h apply to bitmaps.:
set_bit(bit, addr) *addr |= bit
clear_bit(bit, addr) *addr &= ~bit
change_bit(bit, addr) *addr ^= bit
test_bit(bit, addr) Is bit set in *addr?
test_and_set_bit(bit, addr) Set bit and return old value
test_and_clear_bit(bit, addr) Clear bit and return old value
test_and_change_bit(bit, addr) Change bit and return old value
find_first_zero_bit(addr, nbits) Position first zero bit in *addr
find_first_bit(addr, nbits) Position first set bit in *addr
find_next_zero_bit(addr, nbits, bit)
Position next zero bit in *addr >= bit
find_next_bit(addr, nbits, bit) Position next set bit in *addr >= bit
find_next_and_bit(addr1, addr2, nbits, bit)
Same as find_next_bit, but in
(*addr1 & *addr2)
-
void __bitmap_shift_right(unsigned long *dst, const unsigned long *src, unsigned shift, unsigned nbits)¶
logical right shift of the bits in a bitmap
Parameters
unsigned long *dstdestination bitmap
const unsigned long *srcsource bitmap
unsigned shiftshift by this many bits
unsigned nbitsbitmap size, in bits
Description
Shifting right (dividing) means moving bits in the MS -> LS bit direction. Zeros are fed into the vacated MS positions and the LS bits shifted off the bottom are lost.
-
void __bitmap_shift_left(unsigned long *dst, const unsigned long *src, unsigned int shift, unsigned int nbits)¶
logical left shift of the bits in a bitmap
Parameters
unsigned long *dstdestination bitmap
const unsigned long *srcsource bitmap
unsigned int shiftshift by this many bits
unsigned int nbitsbitmap size, in bits
Description
Shifting left (multiplying) means moving bits in the LS -> MS direction. Zeros are fed into the vacated LS bit positions and those MS bits shifted off the top are lost.
-
void bitmap_cut(unsigned long *dst, const unsigned long *src, unsigned int first, unsigned int cut, unsigned int nbits)¶
remove bit region from bitmap and right shift remaining bits
Parameters
unsigned long *dstdestination bitmap, might overlap with src
const unsigned long *srcsource bitmap
unsigned int firststart bit of region to be removed
unsigned int cutnumber of bits to remove
unsigned int nbitsbitmap size, in bits
Description
Set the n-th bit of dst iff the n-th bit of src is set and n is less than first, or the m-th bit of src is set for any m such that first <= n < nbits, and m = n + cut.
In pictures, example for a big-endian 32-bit architecture:
The src bitmap is:
31 63
| |
10000000 11000001 11110010 00010101 10000000 11000001 01110010 00010101
| | | |
16 14 0 32
if cut is 3, and first is 14, bits 14-16 in src are cut and dst is:
31 63
| |
10110000 00011000 00110010 00010101 00010000 00011000 00101110 01000010
| | |
14 (bit 17 0 32
from @src)
Note that dst and src might overlap partially or entirely.
This is implemented in the obvious way, with a shift and carry step for each moved bit. Optimisation is left as an exercise for the compiler.
-
unsigned long bitmap_find_next_zero_area_off(unsigned long *map, unsigned long size, unsigned long start, unsigned int nr, unsigned long align_mask, unsigned long align_offset)¶
find a contiguous aligned zero area
Parameters
unsigned long *mapThe address to base the search on
unsigned long sizeThe bitmap size in bits
unsigned long startThe bitnumber to start searching at
unsigned int nrThe number of zeroed bits we’re looking for
unsigned long align_maskAlignment mask for zero area
unsigned long align_offsetAlignment offset for zero area.
Description
The align_mask should be one less than a power of 2; the effect is that the bit offset of all zero areas this function finds plus align_offset is multiple of that power of 2.
-
int bitmap_parse_user(const char __user *ubuf, unsigned int ulen, unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits)¶
convert an ASCII hex string in a user buffer into a bitmap
Parameters
const char __user *ubufpointer to user buffer containing string.
unsigned int ulenbuffer size in bytes. If string is smaller than this then it must be terminated with a 0.
unsigned long *maskppointer to bitmap array that will contain result.
int nmaskbitssize of bitmap, in bits.
-
int bitmap_print_to_pagebuf(bool list, char *buf, const unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits)¶
convert bitmap to list or hex format ASCII string
Parameters
bool listindicates whether the bitmap must be list
char *bufpage aligned buffer into which string is placed
const unsigned long *maskppointer to bitmap to convert
int nmaskbitssize of bitmap, in bits
Description
Output format is a comma-separated list of decimal numbers and ranges if list is specified or hex digits grouped into comma-separated sets of 8 digits/set. Returns the number of characters written to buf.
It is assumed that buf is a pointer into a PAGE_SIZE, page-aligned
area and that sufficient storage remains at buf to accommodate the
bitmap_print_to_pagebuf() output. Returns the number of characters
actually printed to buf, excluding terminating ‘0’.
-
int bitmap_print_bitmask_to_buf(char *buf, const unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits, loff_t off, size_t count)¶
convert bitmap to hex bitmask format ASCII string
Parameters
char *bufbuffer into which string is placed
const unsigned long *maskppointer to bitmap to convert
int nmaskbitssize of bitmap, in bits
loff_t offin the string from which we are copying, We copy to buf
size_t countthe maximum number of bytes to print
Description
The bitmap_print_to_pagebuf() is used indirectly via its cpumap wrapper
cpumap_print_to_pagebuf() or directly by drivers to export hexadecimal
bitmask and decimal list to userspace by sysfs ABI.
Drivers might be using a normal attribute for this kind of ABIs. A
normal attribute typically has show entry as below:
static ssize_t example_attribute_show(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
...
return bitmap_print_to_pagebuf(true, buf, &mask, nr_trig_max);
}
show entry of attribute has no offset and count parameters and this
means the file is limited to one page only.
bitmap_print_to_pagebuf() API works terribly well for this kind of
normal attribute with buf parameter and without offset, count:
bitmap_print_to_pagebuf(bool list, char *buf, const unsigned long *maskp,
int nmaskbits)
{
}
The problem is once we have a large bitmap, we have a chance to get a bitmask or list more than one page. Especially for list, it could be as complex as 0,3,5,7,9,… We have no simple way to know it exact size. It turns out bin_attribute is a way to break this limit. bin_attribute has show entry as below:
static ssize_t
example_bin_attribute_show(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
struct bin_attribute *attr, char *buf,
loff_t offset, size_t count)
{
...
}
With the new offset and count parameters, this makes sysfs ABI be able
to support file size more than one page. For example, offset could be
>= 4096.
bitmap_print_bitmask_to_buf(), bitmap_print_list_to_buf() wit their
cpumap wrapper cpumap_print_bitmask_to_buf(), cpumap_print_list_to_buf()
make those drivers be able to support large bitmask and list after they
move to use bin_attribute. In result, we have to pass the corresponding
parameters such as off, count from bin_attribute show entry to this API.
The role of cpumap_print_bitmask_to_buf() and cpumap_print_list_to_buf()
is similar with cpumap_print_to_pagebuf(), the difference is that
bitmap_print_to_pagebuf() mainly serves sysfs attribute with the assumption
the destination buffer is exactly one page and won’t be more than one page.
cpumap_print_bitmask_to_buf() and cpumap_print_list_to_buf(), on the other
hand, mainly serves bin_attribute which doesn’t work with exact one page,
and it can break the size limit of converted decimal list and hexadecimal
bitmask.
WARNING!
This function is not a replacement for sprintf() or bitmap_print_to_pagebuf().
It is intended to workaround sysfs limitations discussed above and should be
used carefully in general case for the following reasons:
Time complexity is O(nbits^2/count), comparing to O(nbits) for
snprintf().Memory complexity is O(nbits), comparing to O(1) for
snprintf().off and count are NOT offset and number of bits to print.
If printing part of bitmap as list, the resulting string is not a correct list representation of bitmap. Particularly, some bits within or out of related interval may be erroneously set or unset. The format of the string may be broken, so bitmap_parselist-like parser may fail parsing it.
If printing the whole bitmap as list by parts, user must ensure the order of calls of the function such that the offset is incremented linearly.
If printing the whole bitmap as list by parts, user must keep bitmap unchanged between the very first and very last call. Otherwise concatenated result may be incorrect, and format may be broken.
Returns the number of characters actually printed to buf
-
int bitmap_print_list_to_buf(char *buf, const unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits, loff_t off, size_t count)¶
convert bitmap to decimal list format ASCII string
Parameters
char *bufbuffer into which string is placed
const unsigned long *maskppointer to bitmap to convert
int nmaskbitssize of bitmap, in bits
loff_t offin the string from which we are copying, We copy to buf
size_t countthe maximum number of bytes to print
Description
Everything is same with the above bitmap_print_bitmask_to_buf() except
the print format.
-
int bitmap_parselist(const char *buf, unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits)¶
convert list format ASCII string to bitmap
Parameters
const char *bufread user string from this buffer; must be terminated with a 0 or n.
unsigned long *maskpwrite resulting mask here
int nmaskbitsnumber of bits in mask to be written
Description
Input format is a comma-separated list of decimal numbers and ranges. Consecutively set bits are shown as two hyphen-separated decimal numbers, the smallest and largest bit numbers set in the range. Optionally each range can be postfixed to denote that only parts of it should be set. The range will divided to groups of specific size. From each group will be used only defined amount of bits. Syntax: range:used_size/group_size
Example
0-1023:2/256 ==> 0,1,256,257,512,513,768,769 The value ‘N’ can be used as a dynamically substituted token for the maximum allowed value; i.e (nmaskbits - 1). Keep in mind that it is dynamic, so if system changes cause the bitmap width to change, such as more cores in a CPU list, then any ranges using N will also change.
Return
0 on success, -errno on invalid input strings. Error values:
-EINVAL: wrong region format
-EINVAL: invalid character in string
-ERANGE: bit number specified too large for mask
-EOVERFLOW: integer overflow in the input parameters
-
int bitmap_parselist_user(const char __user *ubuf, unsigned int ulen, unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits)¶
convert user buffer’s list format ASCII string to bitmap
Parameters
const char __user *ubufpointer to user buffer containing string.
unsigned int ulenbuffer size in bytes. If string is smaller than this then it must be terminated with a 0.
unsigned long *maskppointer to bitmap array that will contain result.
int nmaskbitssize of bitmap, in bits.
Description
Wrapper for bitmap_parselist(), providing it with user buffer.
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int bitmap_parse(const char *start, unsigned int buflen, unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits)¶
convert an ASCII hex string into a bitmap.
Parameters
const char *startpointer to buffer containing string.
unsigned int buflenbuffer size in bytes. If string is smaller than this then it must be terminated with a 0 or n. In that case, UINT_MAX may be provided instead of string length.
unsigned long *maskppointer to bitmap array that will contain result.
int nmaskbitssize of bitmap, in bits.
Description
Commas group hex digits into chunks. Each chunk defines exactly 32
bits of the resultant bitmask. No chunk may specify a value larger
than 32 bits (-EOVERFLOW), and if a chunk specifies a smaller value
then leading 0-bits are prepended. -EINVAL is returned for illegal
characters. Grouping such as “1,,5”, “,44”, “,” or “” is allowed.
Leading, embedded and trailing whitespace accepted.
-
void bitmap_remap(unsigned long *dst, const unsigned long *src, const unsigned long *old, const unsigned long *new, unsigned int nbits)¶
Apply map defined by a pair of bitmaps to another bitmap
Parameters
unsigned long *dstremapped result
const unsigned long *srcsubset to be remapped
const unsigned long *olddefines domain of map
const unsigned long *newdefines range of map
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in each of these bitmaps
Description
Let old and new define a mapping of bit positions, such that whatever position is held by the n-th set bit in old is mapped to the n-th set bit in new. In the more general case, allowing for the possibility that the weight ‘w’ of new is less than the weight of old, map the position of the n-th set bit in old to the position of the m-th set bit in new, where m == n % w.
If either of the old and new bitmaps are empty, or if src and dst point to the same location, then this routine copies src to dst.
The positions of unset bits in old are mapped to themselves (the identify map).
Apply the above specified mapping to src, placing the result in dst, clearing any bits previously set in dst.
For example, lets say that old has bits 4 through 7 set, and new has bits 12 through 15 set. This defines the mapping of bit position 4 to 12, 5 to 13, 6 to 14 and 7 to 15, and of all other bit positions unchanged. So if say src comes into this routine with bits 1, 5 and 7 set, then dst should leave with bits 1, 13 and 15 set.
-
int bitmap_bitremap(int oldbit, const unsigned long *old, const unsigned long *new, int bits)¶
Apply map defined by a pair of bitmaps to a single bit
Parameters
int oldbitbit position to be mapped
const unsigned long *olddefines domain of map
const unsigned long *newdefines range of map
int bitsnumber of bits in each of these bitmaps
Description
Let old and new define a mapping of bit positions, such that whatever position is held by the n-th set bit in old is mapped to the n-th set bit in new. In the more general case, allowing for the possibility that the weight ‘w’ of new is less than the weight of old, map the position of the n-th set bit in old to the position of the m-th set bit in new, where m == n % w.
The positions of unset bits in old are mapped to themselves (the identify map).
Apply the above specified mapping to bit position oldbit, returning the new bit position.
For example, lets say that old has bits 4 through 7 set, and new has bits 12 through 15 set. This defines the mapping of bit position 4 to 12, 5 to 13, 6 to 14 and 7 to 15, and of all other bit positions unchanged. So if say oldbit is 5, then this routine returns 13.
-
int bitmap_find_free_region(unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned int bits, int order)¶
find a contiguous aligned mem region
Parameters
unsigned long *bitmaparray of unsigned longs corresponding to the bitmap
unsigned int bitsnumber of bits in the bitmap
int orderregion size (log base 2 of number of bits) to find
Description
Find a region of free (zero) bits in a bitmap of bits bits and allocate them (set them to one). Only consider regions of length a power (order) of two, aligned to that power of two, which makes the search algorithm much faster.
Return the bit offset in bitmap of the allocated region, or -errno on failure.
-
void bitmap_release_region(unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned int pos, int order)¶
release allocated bitmap region
Parameters
unsigned long *bitmaparray of unsigned longs corresponding to the bitmap
unsigned int posbeginning of bit region to release
int orderregion size (log base 2 of number of bits) to release
Description
This is the complement to __bitmap_find_free_region() and releases the found region (by clearing it in the bitmap).
No return value.
-
int bitmap_allocate_region(unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned int pos, int order)¶
allocate bitmap region
Parameters
unsigned long *bitmaparray of unsigned longs corresponding to the bitmap
unsigned int posbeginning of bit region to allocate
int orderregion size (log base 2 of number of bits) to allocate
Description
Allocate (set bits in) a specified region of a bitmap.
Return 0 on success, or -EBUSY if specified region wasn’t
free (not all bits were zero).
-
void bitmap_copy_le(unsigned long *dst, const unsigned long *src, unsigned int nbits)¶
copy a bitmap, putting the bits into little-endian order.
Parameters
unsigned long *dstdestination buffer
const unsigned long *srcbitmap to copy
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in the bitmap
Description
Require nbits % BITS_PER_LONG == 0.
-
void bitmap_from_arr32(unsigned long *bitmap, const u32 *buf, unsigned int nbits)¶
copy the contents of u32 array of bits to bitmap
Parameters
unsigned long *bitmaparray of unsigned longs, the destination bitmap
const u32 *bufarray of u32 (in host byte order), the source bitmap
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in bitmap
-
void bitmap_to_arr32(u32 *buf, const unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned int nbits)¶
copy the contents of bitmap to a u32 array of bits
Parameters
u32 *bufarray of u32 (in host byte order), the dest bitmap
const unsigned long *bitmaparray of unsigned longs, the source bitmap
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in bitmap
-
void bitmap_from_arr64(unsigned long *bitmap, const u64 *buf, unsigned int nbits)¶
copy the contents of u64 array of bits to bitmap
Parameters
unsigned long *bitmaparray of unsigned longs, the destination bitmap
const u64 *bufarray of u64 (in host byte order), the source bitmap
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in bitmap
-
void bitmap_to_arr64(u64 *buf, const unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned int nbits)¶
copy the contents of bitmap to a u64 array of bits
Parameters
u64 *bufarray of u64 (in host byte order), the dest bitmap
const unsigned long *bitmaparray of unsigned longs, the source bitmap
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in bitmap
-
int bitmap_print_to_buf(bool list, char *buf, const unsigned long *maskp, int nmaskbits, loff_t off, size_t count)¶
convert bitmap to list or hex format ASCII string
Parameters
bool listindicates whether the bitmap must be list true: print in decimal list format false: print in hexadecimal bitmask format
char *bufbuffer into which string is placed
const unsigned long *maskppointer to bitmap to convert
int nmaskbitssize of bitmap, in bits
loff_t offin the string from which we are copying, We copy to buf
size_t countthe maximum number of bytes to print
-
int bitmap_pos_to_ord(const unsigned long *buf, unsigned int pos, unsigned int nbits)¶
find ordinal of set bit at given position in bitmap
Parameters
const unsigned long *bufpointer to a bitmap
unsigned int posa bit position in buf (0 <= pos < nbits)
unsigned int nbitsnumber of valid bit positions in buf
Description
Map the bit at position pos in buf (of length nbits) to the ordinal of which set bit it is. If it is not set or if pos is not a valid bit position, map to -1.
If for example, just bits 4 through 7 are set in buf, then pos values 4 through 7 will get mapped to 0 through 3, respectively, and other pos values will get mapped to -1. When pos value 7 gets mapped to (returns) ord value 3 in this example, that means that bit 7 is the 3rd (starting with 0th) set bit in buf.
The bit positions 0 through bits are valid positions in buf.
-
void bitmap_onto(unsigned long *dst, const unsigned long *orig, const unsigned long *relmap, unsigned int bits)¶
translate one bitmap relative to another
Parameters
unsigned long *dstresulting translated bitmap
const unsigned long *origoriginal untranslated bitmap
const unsigned long *relmapbitmap relative to which translated
unsigned int bitsnumber of bits in each of these bitmaps
Description
Set the n-th bit of dst iff there exists some m such that the n-th bit of relmap is set, the m-th bit of orig is set, and the n-th bit of relmap is also the m-th _set_ bit of relmap. (If you understood the previous sentence the first time your read it, you’re overqualified for your current job.)
In other words, orig is mapped onto (surjectively) dst, using the map { <n, m> | the n-th bit of relmap is the m-th set bit of relmap }.
Any set bits in orig above bit number W, where W is the
weight of (number of set bits in) relmap are mapped nowhere.
In particular, if for all bits m set in orig, m >= W, then
dst will end up empty. In situations where the possibility
of such an empty result is not desired, one way to avoid it is
to use the bitmap_fold() operator, below, to first fold the
orig bitmap over itself so that all its set bits x are in the
range 0 <= x < W. The bitmap_fold() operator does this by
setting the bit (m % W) in dst, for each bit (m) set in orig.
- Example [1] for bitmap_onto():
Let’s say relmap has bits 30-39 set, and orig has bits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 set. Then on return from this routine, dst will have bits 31, 33, 35, 37 and 39 set.
When bit 0 is set in orig, it means turn on the bit in dst corresponding to whatever is the first bit (if any) that is turned on in relmap. Since bit 0 was off in the above example, we leave off that bit (bit 30) in dst.
When bit 1 is set in orig (as in the above example), it means turn on the bit in dst corresponding to whatever is the second bit that is turned on in relmap. The second bit in relmap that was turned on in the above example was bit 31, so we turned on bit 31 in dst.
Similarly, we turned on bits 33, 35, 37 and 39 in dst, because they were the 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th set bits set in relmap, and the 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th bits of orig (i.e. bits 3, 5, 7 and 9) were also set.
When bit 11 is set in orig, it means turn on the bit in dst corresponding to whatever is the twelfth bit that is turned on in relmap. In the above example, there were only ten bits turned on in relmap (30..39), so that bit 11 was set in orig had no affect on dst.
- Example [2] for bitmap_fold() + bitmap_onto():
Let’s say relmap has these ten bits set:
40 41 42 43 45 48 53 61 74 95
(for the curious, that’s 40 plus the first ten terms of the Fibonacci sequence.)
Further lets say we use the following code, invoking
bitmap_fold()then bitmap_onto, as suggested above to avoid the possibility of an empty dst result:unsigned long *tmp; // a temporary bitmap's bits bitmap_fold(tmp, orig, bitmap_weight(relmap, bits), bits); bitmap_onto(dst, tmp, relmap, bits);
Then this table shows what various values of dst would be, for various orig’s. I list the zero-based positions of each set bit. The tmp column shows the intermediate result, as computed by using
bitmap_fold()to fold the orig bitmap modulo ten (the weight of relmap):
- 1(1,2)
For these marked lines, if we hadn’t first done
bitmap_fold()into tmp, then the dst result would have been empty.
If either of orig or relmap is empty (no set bits), then dst will be returned empty.
If (as explained above) the only set bits in orig are in positions m where m >= W, (where W is the weight of relmap) then dst will once again be returned empty.
All bits in dst not set by the above rule are cleared.
-
void bitmap_fold(unsigned long *dst, const unsigned long *orig, unsigned int sz, unsigned int nbits)¶
fold larger bitmap into smaller, modulo specified size
Parameters
unsigned long *dstresulting smaller bitmap
const unsigned long *origoriginal larger bitmap
unsigned int szspecified size
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in each of these bitmaps
Description
For each bit oldbit in orig, set bit oldbit mod sz in dst.
Clear all other bits in dst. See further the comment and
Example [2] for bitmap_onto() for why and how to use this.
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unsigned long bitmap_find_next_zero_area(unsigned long *map, unsigned long size, unsigned long start, unsigned int nr, unsigned long align_mask)¶
find a contiguous aligned zero area
Parameters
unsigned long *mapThe address to base the search on
unsigned long sizeThe bitmap size in bits
unsigned long startThe bitnumber to start searching at
unsigned int nrThe number of zeroed bits we’re looking for
unsigned long align_maskAlignment mask for zero area
Description
The align_mask should be one less than a power of 2; the effect is that the bit offset of all zero areas this function finds is multiples of that power of 2. A align_mask of 0 means no alignment is required.
-
bool bitmap_or_equal(const unsigned long *src1, const unsigned long *src2, const unsigned long *src3, unsigned int nbits)¶
Check whether the or of two bitmaps is equal to a third
Parameters
const unsigned long *src1Pointer to bitmap 1
const unsigned long *src2Pointer to bitmap 2 will be or’ed with bitmap 1
const unsigned long *src3Pointer to bitmap 3. Compare to the result of *src1 | *src2
unsigned int nbitsnumber of bits in each of these bitmaps
Return
True if (*src1 | *src2) == *src3, false otherwise
-
BITMAP_FROM_U64¶
BITMAP_FROM_U64 (n)
Represent u64 value in the format suitable for bitmap.
Parameters
nu64 value
Description
Linux bitmaps are internally arrays of unsigned longs, i.e. 32-bit integers in 32-bit environment, and 64-bit integers in 64-bit one.
There are four combinations of endianness and length of the word in linux ABIs: LE64, BE64, LE32 and BE32.
On 64-bit kernels 64-bit LE and BE numbers are naturally ordered in bitmaps and therefore don’t require any special handling.
On 32-bit kernels 32-bit LE ABI orders lo word of 64-bit number in memory prior to hi, and 32-bit BE orders hi word prior to lo. The bitmap on the other hand is represented as an array of 32-bit words and the position of bit N may therefore be calculated as: word #(N/32) and bit #(N``32``) in that word. For example, bit #42 is located at 10th position of 2nd word. It matches 32-bit LE ABI, and we can simply let the compiler store 64-bit values in memory as it usually does. But for BE we need to swap hi and lo words manually.
With all that, the macro BITMAP_FROM_U64() does explicit reordering of hi and
lo parts of u64. For LE32 it does nothing, and for BE environment it swaps
hi and lo words, as is expected by bitmap.
-
void bitmap_from_u64(unsigned long *dst, u64 mask)¶
Check and swap words within u64.
Parameters
unsigned long *dstdestination bitmap
u64 masksource bitmap
Description
In 32-bit Big Endian kernel, when using (u32 *)(:c:type:`val`)[*]
to read u64 mask, we will get the wrong word.
That is (u32 *)(:c:type:`val`)[0] gets the upper 32 bits,
but we expect the lower 32-bits of u64.
-
unsigned long bitmap_get_value8(const unsigned long *map, unsigned long start)¶
get an 8-bit value within a memory region
Parameters
const unsigned long *mapaddress to the bitmap memory region
unsigned long startbit offset of the 8-bit value; must be a multiple of 8
Description
Returns the 8-bit value located at the start bit offset within the src memory region.
-
void bitmap_set_value8(unsigned long *map, unsigned long value, unsigned long start)¶
set an 8-bit value within a memory region
Parameters
unsigned long *mapaddress to the bitmap memory region
unsigned long valuethe 8-bit value; values wider than 8 bits may clobber bitmap
unsigned long startbit offset of the 8-bit value; must be a multiple of 8
Command-line Parsing¶
-
int get_option(char **str, int *pint)¶
Parse integer from an option string
Parameters
char **stroption string
int *pint(optional output) integer value parsed from str
Read an int from an option string; if available accept a subsequent comma as well.
When pint is NULL the function can be used as a validator of the current option in the string.
Return values: 0 - no int in string 1 - int found, no subsequent comma 2 - int found including a subsequent comma 3 - hyphen found to denote a range
Leading hyphen without integer is no integer case, but we consume it for the sake of simplification.
-
char *get_options(const char *str, int nints, int *ints)¶
Parse a string into a list of integers
Parameters
const char *strString to be parsed
int nintssize of integer array
int *intsinteger array (must have room for at least one element)
This function parses a string containing a comma-separated list of integers, a hyphen-separated range of _positive_ integers, or a combination of both. The parse halts when the array is full, or when no more numbers can be retrieved from the string.
When nints is 0, the function just validates the given str and returns the amount of parseable integers as described below.
Return
The first element is filled by the number of collected integers in the range. The rest is what was parsed from the str.
Return value is the character in the string which caused the parse to end (typically a null terminator, if str is completely parseable).
-
unsigned long long memparse(const char *ptr, char **retptr)¶
parse a string with mem suffixes into a number
Parameters
const char *ptrWhere parse begins
char **retptr(output) Optional pointer to next char after parse completes
Parses a string into a number. The number stored at ptr is potentially suffixed with K, M, G, T, P, E.
Sorting¶
-
void sort_r(void *base, size_t num, size_t size, cmp_r_func_t cmp_func, swap_r_func_t swap_func, const void *priv)¶
sort an array of elements
Parameters
void *basepointer to data to sort
size_t numnumber of elements
size_t sizesize of each element
cmp_r_func_t cmp_funcpointer to comparison function
swap_r_func_t swap_funcpointer to swap function or NULL
const void *privthird argument passed to comparison function
Description
This function does a heapsort on the given array. You may provide a swap_func function if you need to do something more than a memory copy (e.g. fix up pointers or auxiliary data), but the built-in swap avoids a slow retpoline and so is significantly faster.
Sorting time is O(n log n) both on average and worst-case. While quicksort is slightly faster on average, it suffers from exploitable O(n*n) worst-case behavior and extra memory requirements that make it less suitable for kernel use.
-
void list_sort(void *priv, struct list_head *head, list_cmp_func_t cmp)¶
sort a list
Parameters
void *privprivate data, opaque to
list_sort(), passed to cmpstruct list_head *headthe list to sort
list_cmp_func_t cmpthe elements comparison function
Description
The comparison function cmp must return > 0 if a should sort after b (”a > b” if you want an ascending sort), and <= 0 if a should sort before b or their original order should be preserved. It is always called with the element that came first in the input in a, and list_sort is a stable sort, so it is not necessary to distinguish the a < b and a == b cases.
This is compatible with two styles of cmp function: - The traditional style which returns <0 / =0 / >0, or - Returning a boolean 0/1. The latter offers a chance to save a few cycles in the comparison (which is used by e.g. plug_ctx_cmp() in block/blk-mq.c).
A good way to write a multi-word comparison is:
if (a->high != b->high)
return a->high > b->high;
if (a->middle != b->middle)
return a->middle > b->middle;
return a->low > b->low;
This mergesort is as eager as possible while always performing at least 2:1 balanced merges. Given two pending sublists of size 2^k, they are merged to a size-2^(k+1) list as soon as we have 2^k following elements.
Thus, it will avoid cache thrashing as long as 3*2^k elements can fit into the cache. Not quite as good as a fully-eager bottom-up mergesort, but it does use 0.2*n fewer comparisons, so is faster in the common case that everything fits into L1.
The merging is controlled by “count”, the number of elements in the pending lists. This is beautifully simple code, but rather subtle.
Each time we increment “count”, we set one bit (bit k) and clear bits k-1 .. 0. Each time this happens (except the very first time for each bit, when count increments to 2^k), we merge two lists of size 2^k into one list of size 2^(k+1).
This merge happens exactly when the count reaches an odd multiple of 2^k, which is when we have 2^k elements pending in smaller lists, so it’s safe to merge away two lists of size 2^k.
After this happens twice, we have created two lists of size 2^(k+1), which will be merged into a list of size 2^(k+2) before we create a third list of size 2^(k+1), so there are never more than two pending.
The number of pending lists of size 2^k is determined by the state of bit k of “count” plus two extra pieces of information:
The state of bit k-1 (when k == 0, consider bit -1 always set), and
Whether the higher-order bits are zero or non-zero (i.e. is count >= 2^(k+1)).
There are six states we distinguish. “x” represents some arbitrary bits, and “y” represents some arbitrary non-zero bits: 0: 00x: 0 pending of size 2^k; x pending of sizes < 2^k 1: 01x: 0 pending of size 2^k; 2^(k-1) + x pending of sizes < 2^k 2: x10x: 0 pending of size 2^k; 2^k + x pending of sizes < 2^k 3: x11x: 1 pending of size 2^k; 2^(k-1) + x pending of sizes < 2^k 4: y00x: 1 pending of size 2^k; 2^k + x pending of sizes < 2^k 5: y01x: 2 pending of size 2^k; 2^(k-1) + x pending of sizes < 2^k (merge and loop back to state 2)
We gain lists of size 2^k in the 2->3 and 4->5 transitions (because bit k-1 is set while the more significant bits are non-zero) and merge them away in the 5->2 transition. Note in particular that just before the 5->2 transition, all lower-order bits are 11 (state 3), so there is one list of each smaller size.
When we reach the end of the input, we merge all the pending lists, from smallest to largest. If you work through cases 2 to 5 above, you can see that the number of elements we merge with a list of size 2^k varies from 2^(k-1) (cases 3 and 5 when x == 0) to 2^(k+1) - 1 (second merge of case 5 when x == 2^(k-1) - 1).
Text Searching¶
INTRODUCTION
The textsearch infrastructure provides text searching facilities for both linear and non-linear data. Individual search algorithms are implemented in modules and chosen by the user.
ARCHITECTURE
User
+----------------+
| finish()|<--------------(6)-----------------+
|get_next_block()|<--------------(5)---------------+ |
| | Algorithm | |
| | +------------------------------+
| | | init() find() destroy() |
| | +------------------------------+
| | Core API ^ ^ ^
| | +---------------+ (2) (4) (8)
| (1)|----->| prepare() |---+ | |
| (3)|----->| find()/next() |-----------+ |
| (7)|----->| destroy() |----------------------+
+----------------+ +---------------+
(1) User configures a search by calling textsearch_prepare() specifying
the search parameters such as the pattern and algorithm name.
(2) Core requests the algorithm to allocate and initialize a search
configuration according to the specified parameters.
(3) User starts the search(es) by calling textsearch_find() or
textsearch_next() to fetch subsequent occurrences. A state variable
is provided to the algorithm to store persistent variables.
(4) Core eventually resets the search offset and forwards the find()
request to the algorithm.
(5) Algorithm calls get_next_block() provided by the user continuously
to fetch the data to be searched in block by block.
(6) Algorithm invokes finish() after the last call to get_next_block
to clean up any leftovers from get_next_block. (Optional)
(7) User destroys the configuration by calling textsearch_destroy().
(8) Core notifies the algorithm to destroy algorithm specific
allocations. (Optional)
USAGE
Before a search can be performed, a configuration must be created by calling
textsearch_prepare()specifying the searching algorithm, the pattern to look for and flags. As a flag, you can set TS_IGNORECASE to perform case insensitive matching. But it might slow down performance of algorithm, so you should use it at own your risk. The returned configuration may then be used for an arbitrary amount of times and even in parallel as long as a separate struct ts_state variable is provided to every instance.The actual search is performed by either calling
textsearch_find_continuous()for linear data or by providing an own get_next_block() implementation and callingtextsearch_find(). Both functions return the position of the first occurrence of the pattern or UINT_MAX if no match was found. Subsequent occurrences can be found by callingtextsearch_next()regardless of the linearity of the data.Once you’re done using a configuration it must be given back via textsearch_destroy.
EXAMPLE:
int pos;
struct ts_config *conf;
struct ts_state state;
const char *pattern = "chicken";
const char *example = "We dance the funky chicken";
conf = textsearch_prepare("kmp", pattern, strlen(pattern),
GFP_KERNEL, TS_AUTOLOAD);
if (IS_ERR(conf)) {
err = PTR_ERR(conf);
goto errout;
}
pos = textsearch_find_continuous(conf, &state, example, strlen(example));
if (pos != UINT_MAX)
panic("Oh my god, dancing chickens at %d\n", pos);
textsearch_destroy(conf);
-
int textsearch_register(struct ts_ops *ops)¶
register a textsearch module
Parameters
struct ts_ops *opsoperations lookup table
Description
This function must be called by textsearch modules to announce
their presence. The specified &**ops** must have name set to a
unique identifier and the callbacks find(), init(), get_pattern(),
and get_pattern_len() must be implemented.
Returns 0 or -EEXISTS if another module has already registered with same name.
-
int textsearch_unregister(struct ts_ops *ops)¶
unregister a textsearch module
Parameters
struct ts_ops *opsoperations lookup table
Description
This function must be called by textsearch modules to announce
their disappearance for examples when the module gets unloaded.
The ops parameter must be the same as the one during the
registration.
Returns 0 on success or -ENOENT if no matching textsearch registration was found.
-
unsigned int textsearch_find_continuous(struct ts_config *conf, struct ts_state *state, const void *data, unsigned int len)¶
search a pattern in continuous/linear data
Parameters
struct ts_config *confsearch configuration
struct ts_state *statesearch state
const void *datadata to search in
unsigned int lenlength of data
Description
A simplified version of textsearch_find() for continuous/linear data.
Call textsearch_next() to retrieve subsequent matches.
Returns the position of first occurrence of the pattern or
UINT_MAX if no occurrence was found.
-
struct ts_config *textsearch_prepare(const char *algo, const void *pattern, unsigned int len, gfp_t gfp_mask, int flags)¶
Prepare a search
Parameters
const char *algoname of search algorithm
const void *patternpattern data
unsigned int lenlength of pattern
gfp_t gfp_maskallocation mask
int flagssearch flags
Description
Looks up the search algorithm module and creates a new textsearch configuration for the specified pattern.
Returns a new textsearch configuration according to the specified parameters or a ERR_PTR(). If a zero length pattern is passed, this function returns EINVAL.
Note
- The format of the pattern may not be compatible between
the various search algorithms.
-
void textsearch_destroy(struct ts_config *conf)¶
destroy a search configuration
Parameters
struct ts_config *confsearch configuration
Description
Releases all references of the configuration and frees up the memory.
-
unsigned int textsearch_next(struct ts_config *conf, struct ts_state *state)¶
continue searching for a pattern
Parameters
struct ts_config *confsearch configuration
struct ts_state *statesearch state
Description
Continues a search looking for more occurrences of the pattern.
textsearch_find() must be called to find the first occurrence
in order to reset the state.
Returns the position of the next occurrence of the pattern or UINT_MAX if not match was found.
-
unsigned int textsearch_find(struct ts_config *conf, struct ts_state *state)¶
start searching for a pattern
Parameters
struct ts_config *confsearch configuration
struct ts_state *statesearch state
Description
Returns the position of first occurrence of the pattern or UINT_MAX if no match was found.
-
void *textsearch_get_pattern(struct ts_config *conf)¶
return head of the pattern
Parameters
struct ts_config *confsearch configuration
-
unsigned int textsearch_get_pattern_len(struct ts_config *conf)¶
return length of the pattern
Parameters
struct ts_config *confsearch configuration
CRC and Math Functions in Linux¶
Arithmetic Overflow Checking¶
-
check_add_overflow¶
check_add_overflow (a, b, d)
Calculate addition with overflow checking
Parameters
afirst addend
bsecond addend
dpointer to store sum
Description
Returns 0 on success.
*d holds the results of the attempted addition, but is not considered “safe for use” on a non-zero return value, which indicates that the sum has overflowed or been truncated.
-
check_sub_overflow¶
check_sub_overflow (a, b, d)
Calculate subtraction with overflow checking
Parameters
aminuend; value to subtract from
bsubtrahend; value to subtract from a
dpointer to store difference
Description
Returns 0 on success.
*d holds the results of the attempted subtraction, but is not considered “safe for use” on a non-zero return value, which indicates that the difference has underflowed or been truncated.
-
check_mul_overflow¶
check_mul_overflow (a, b, d)
Calculate multiplication with overflow checking
Parameters
afirst factor
bsecond factor
dpointer to store product
Description
Returns 0 on success.
*d holds the results of the attempted multiplication, but is not considered “safe for use” on a non-zero return value, which indicates that the product has overflowed or been truncated.
-
check_shl_overflow¶
check_shl_overflow (a, s, d)
Calculate a left-shifted value and check overflow
Parameters
aValue to be shifted
sHow many bits left to shift
dPointer to where to store the result
Description
Computes *d = (a << s)
Returns true if ‘*d’ cannot hold the result or when ‘a << s’ doesn’t make sense. Example conditions:
‘a << s’ causes bits to be lost when stored in *d.
‘s’ is garbage (e.g. negative) or so large that the result of ‘a << s’ is guaranteed to be 0.
‘a’ is negative.
‘a << s’ sets the sign bit, if any, in ‘*d’.
‘*d’ will hold the results of the attempted shift, but is not considered “safe for use” if true is returned.
-
overflows_type¶
overflows_type (n, T)
helper for checking the overflows between value, variables, or data type
Parameters
nsource constant value or variable to be checked
Tdestination variable or data type proposed to store x
Description
Compares the x expression for whether or not it can safely fit in the storage of the type in T. x and T can have different types. If x is a constant expression, this will also resolve to a constant expression.
Return
true if overflow can occur, false otherwise.
-
castable_to_type¶
castable_to_type (n, T)
like __same_type(), but also allows for casted literals
Parameters
nvariable or constant value
Tvariable or data type
Description
Unlike the __same_type() macro, this allows a constant value as the first argument. If this value would not overflow into an assignment of the second argument’s type, it returns true. Otherwise, this falls back to __same_type().
-
size_t size_mul(size_t factor1, size_t factor2)¶
Calculate size_t multiplication with saturation at SIZE_MAX
Parameters
size_t factor1first factor
size_t factor2second factor
Return
calculate factor1 * factor2, both promoted to size_t, with any overflow causing the return value to be SIZE_MAX. The lvalue must be size_t to avoid implicit type conversion.
-
size_t size_add(size_t addend1, size_t addend2)¶
Calculate size_t addition with saturation at SIZE_MAX
Parameters
size_t addend1first addend
size_t addend2second addend
Return
calculate addend1 + addend2, both promoted to size_t, with any overflow causing the return value to be SIZE_MAX. The lvalue must be size_t to avoid implicit type conversion.
-
size_t size_sub(size_t minuend, size_t subtrahend)¶
Calculate size_t subtraction with saturation at SIZE_MAX
Parameters
size_t minuendvalue to subtract from
size_t subtrahendvalue to subtract from minuend
Return
calculate minuend - subtrahend, both promoted to size_t,
with any overflow causing the return value to be SIZE_MAX. For
composition with the size_add() and size_mul() helpers, neither
argument may be SIZE_MAX (or the result with be forced to SIZE_MAX).
The lvalue must be size_t to avoid implicit type conversion.
-
array_size¶
array_size (a, b)
Calculate size of 2-dimensional array.
Parameters
adimension one
bdimension two
Description
Calculates size of 2-dimensional array: a * b.
Return
number of bytes needed to represent the array or SIZE_MAX on overflow.
-
array3_size¶
array3_size (a, b, c)
Calculate size of 3-dimensional array.
Parameters
adimension one
bdimension two
cdimension three
Description
Calculates size of 3-dimensional array: a * b * c.
Return
number of bytes needed to represent the array or SIZE_MAX on overflow.
-
flex_array_size¶
flex_array_size (p, member, count)
Calculate size of a flexible array member within an enclosing structure.
Parameters
pPointer to the structure.
memberName of the flexible array member.
countNumber of elements in the array.
Description
Calculates size of a flexible array of count number of member elements, at the end of structure p.
Return
number of bytes needed or SIZE_MAX on overflow.
-
struct_size¶
struct_size (p, member, count)
Calculate size of structure with trailing flexible array.
Parameters
pPointer to the structure.
memberName of the array member.
countNumber of elements in the array.
Description
Calculates size of memory needed for structure p followed by an array of count number of member elements.
Return
number of bytes needed or SIZE_MAX on overflow.
CRC Functions¶
-
uint8_t crc4(uint8_t c, uint64_t x, int bits)¶
calculate the 4-bit crc of a value.
Parameters
uint8_t cstarting crc4
uint64_t xvalue to checksum
int bitsnumber of bits in x to checksum
Description
Returns the crc4 value of x, using polynomial 0b10111.
The x value is treated as left-aligned, and bits above bits are ignored in the crc calculations.
-
u8 crc7_be(u8 crc, const u8 *buffer, size_t len)¶
update the CRC7 for the data buffer
Parameters
u8 crcprevious CRC7 value
const u8 *bufferdata pointer
size_t lennumber of bytes in the buffer
Context
any
Description
Returns the updated CRC7 value. The CRC7 is left-aligned in the byte (the lsbit is always 0), as that makes the computation easier, and all callers want it in that form.
-
void crc8_populate_msb(u8 table[CRC8_TABLE_SIZE], u8 polynomial)¶
fill crc table for given polynomial in reverse bit order.
Parameters
u8 table[CRC8_TABLE_SIZE]table to be filled.
u8 polynomialpolynomial for which table is to be filled.
-
void crc8_populate_lsb(u8 table[CRC8_TABLE_SIZE], u8 polynomial)¶
fill crc table for given polynomial in regular bit order.
Parameters
u8 table[CRC8_TABLE_SIZE]table to be filled.
u8 polynomialpolynomial for which table is to be filled.
-
u8 crc8(const u8 table[CRC8_TABLE_SIZE], const u8 *pdata, size_t nbytes, u8 crc)¶
calculate a crc8 over the given input data.
Parameters
const u8 table[CRC8_TABLE_SIZE]crc table used for calculation.
const u8 *pdatapointer to data buffer.
size_t nbytesnumber of bytes in data buffer.
u8 crcprevious returned crc8 value.
-
u16 crc16(u16 crc, u8 const *buffer, size_t len)¶
compute the CRC-16 for the data buffer
Parameters
u16 crcprevious CRC value
u8 const *bufferdata pointer
size_t lennumber of bytes in the buffer
Description
Returns the updated CRC value.
-
u32 __pure crc32_le_generic(u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len, const u32 (*tab)[256], u32 polynomial)¶
Calculate bitwise little-endian Ethernet AUTODIN II CRC32/CRC32C
Parameters
u32 crcseed value for computation. ~0 for Ethernet, sometimes 0 for other uses, or the previous crc32/crc32c value if computing incrementally.
unsigned char const *ppointer to buffer over which CRC32/CRC32C is run
size_t lenlength of buffer p
const u32 (*tab)[256]little-endian Ethernet table
u32 polynomialCRC32/CRC32c LE polynomial
-
u32 crc32_generic_shift(u32 crc, size_t len, u32 polynomial)¶
Append len 0 bytes to crc, in logarithmic time
Parameters
u32 crcThe original little-endian CRC (i.e. lsbit is x^31 coefficient)
size_t lenThe number of bytes. crc is multiplied by x^(8***len**)
u32 polynomialThe modulus used to reduce the result to 32 bits.
Description
It’s possible to parallelize CRC computations by computing a CRC over separate ranges of a buffer, then summing them. This shifts the given CRC by 8*len bits (i.e. produces the same effect as appending len bytes of zero to the data), in time proportional to log(len).
-
u32 __pure crc32_be_generic(u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len, const u32 (*tab)[256], u32 polynomial)¶
Calculate bitwise big-endian Ethernet AUTODIN II CRC32
Parameters
u32 crcseed value for computation. ~0 for Ethernet, sometimes 0 for other uses, or the previous crc32 value if computing incrementally.
unsigned char const *ppointer to buffer over which CRC32 is run
size_t lenlength of buffer p
const u32 (*tab)[256]big-endian Ethernet table
u32 polynomialCRC32 BE polynomial
-
u16 crc_ccitt(u16 crc, u8 const *buffer, size_t len)¶
recompute the CRC (CRC-CCITT variant) for the data buffer
Parameters
u16 crcprevious CRC value
u8 const *bufferdata pointer
size_t lennumber of bytes in the buffer
-
u16 crc_ccitt_false(u16 crc, u8 const *buffer, size_t len)¶
recompute the CRC (CRC-CCITT-FALSE variant) for the data buffer
Parameters
u16 crcprevious CRC value
u8 const *bufferdata pointer
size_t lennumber of bytes in the buffer
-
u16 crc_itu_t(u16 crc, const u8 *buffer, size_t len)¶
Compute the CRC-ITU-T for the data buffer
Parameters
u16 crcprevious CRC value
const u8 *bufferdata pointer
size_t lennumber of bytes in the buffer
Description
Returns the updated CRC value
Base 2 log and power Functions¶
-
bool is_power_of_2(unsigned long n)¶
check if a value is a power of two
Parameters
unsigned long nthe value to check
Description
Determine whether some value is a power of two, where zero is not considered a power of two.
Return
true if n is a power of 2, otherwise false.
-
unsigned long __roundup_pow_of_two(unsigned long n)¶
round up to nearest power of two
Parameters
unsigned long nvalue to round up
-
unsigned long __rounddown_pow_of_two(unsigned long n)¶
round down to nearest power of two
Parameters
unsigned long nvalue to round down
-
const_ilog2¶
const_ilog2 (n)
log base 2 of 32-bit or a 64-bit constant unsigned value
Parameters
nparameter
Description
Use this where sparse expects a true constant expression, e.g. for array indices.
-
ilog2¶
ilog2 (n)
log base 2 of 32-bit or a 64-bit unsigned value
Parameters
nparameter
Description
constant-capable log of base 2 calculation - this can be used to initialise global variables from constant data, hence the massive ternary operator construction
selects the appropriately-sized optimised version depending on sizeof(n)
-
roundup_pow_of_two¶
roundup_pow_of_two (n)
round the given value up to nearest power of two
Parameters
nparameter
Description
round the given value up to the nearest power of two - the result is undefined when n == 0 - this can be used to initialise global variables from constant data
-
rounddown_pow_of_two¶
rounddown_pow_of_two (n)
round the given value down to nearest power of two
Parameters
nparameter
Description
round the given value down to the nearest power of two - the result is undefined when n == 0 - this can be used to initialise global variables from constant data
-
order_base_2¶
order_base_2 (n)
calculate the (rounded up) base 2 order of the argument
Parameters
nparameter
Description
- The first few values calculated by this routine:
ob2(0) = 0 ob2(1) = 0 ob2(2) = 1 ob2(3) = 2 ob2(4) = 2 ob2(5) = 3 … and so on.
-
bits_per¶
bits_per (n)
calculate the number of bits required for the argument
Parameters
nparameter
Description
This is constant-capable and can be used for compile time initializations, e.g bitfields.
The first few values calculated by this routine: bf(0) = 1 bf(1) = 1 bf(2) = 2 bf(3) = 2 bf(4) = 3 … and so on.
Integer power Functions¶
-
u64 int_pow(u64 base, unsigned int exp)¶
computes the exponentiation of the given base and exponent
Parameters
u64 basebase which will be raised to the given power
unsigned int exppower to be raised to
Description
Computes: pow(base, exp), i.e. base raised to the exp power
-
unsigned long int_sqrt(unsigned long x)¶
computes the integer square root
Parameters
unsigned long xinteger of which to calculate the sqrt
Description
Computes: floor(sqrt(x))
-
u32 int_sqrt64(u64 x)¶
strongly typed int_sqrt function when minimum 64 bit input is expected.
Parameters
u64 x64bit integer of which to calculate the sqrt
Division Functions¶
-
do_div¶
do_div (n, base)
returns 2 values: calculate remainder and update new dividend
Parameters
nuint64_t dividend (will be updated)
baseuint32_t divisor
Description
Summary:
uint32_t remainder = n % base;
n = n / base;
Return
(uint32_t)remainder
NOTE
macro parameter n is evaluated multiple times, beware of side effects!
-
u64 div_u64_rem(u64 dividend, u32 divisor, u32 *remainder)¶
unsigned 64bit divide with 32bit divisor with remainder
Parameters
u64 dividendunsigned 64bit dividend
u32 divisorunsigned 32bit divisor
u32 *remainderpointer to unsigned 32bit remainder
Return
sets *remainder, then returns dividend / divisor
Description
This is commonly provided by 32bit archs to provide an optimized 64bit divide.
-
s64 div_s64_rem(s64 dividend, s32 divisor, s32 *remainder)¶
signed 64bit divide with 32bit divisor with remainder
Parameters
s64 dividendsigned 64bit dividend
s32 divisorsigned 32bit divisor
s32 *remainderpointer to signed 32bit remainder
Return
sets *remainder, then returns dividend / divisor
-
u64 div64_u64_rem(u64 dividend, u64 divisor, u64 *remainder)¶
unsigned 64bit divide with 64bit divisor and remainder
Parameters
u64 dividendunsigned 64bit dividend
u64 divisorunsigned 64bit divisor
u64 *remainderpointer to unsigned 64bit remainder
Return
sets *remainder, then returns dividend / divisor
-
u64 div64_u64(u64 dividend, u64 divisor)¶
unsigned 64bit divide with 64bit divisor
Parameters
u64 dividendunsigned 64bit dividend
u64 divisorunsigned 64bit divisor
Return
dividend / divisor
-
s64 div64_s64(s64 dividend, s64 divisor)¶
signed 64bit divide with 64bit divisor
Parameters
s64 dividendsigned 64bit dividend
s64 divisorsigned 64bit divisor
Return
dividend / divisor
-
u64 div_u64(u64 dividend, u32 divisor)¶
unsigned 64bit divide with 32bit divisor
Parameters
u64 dividendunsigned 64bit dividend
u32 divisorunsigned 32bit divisor
Description
This is the most common 64bit divide and should be used if possible, as many 32bit archs can optimize this variant better than a full 64bit divide.
Return
dividend / divisor
-
s64 div_s64(s64 dividend, s32 divisor)¶
signed 64bit divide with 32bit divisor
Parameters
s64 dividendsigned 64bit dividend
s32 divisorsigned 32bit divisor
Return
dividend / divisor
-
DIV64_U64_ROUND_UP¶
DIV64_U64_ROUND_UP (ll, d)
unsigned 64bit divide with 64bit divisor rounded up
Parameters
llunsigned 64bit dividend
dunsigned 64bit divisor
Description
Divide unsigned 64bit dividend by unsigned 64bit divisor and round up.
Return
dividend / divisor rounded up
-
DIV64_U64_ROUND_CLOSEST¶
DIV64_U64_ROUND_CLOSEST (dividend, divisor)
unsigned 64bit divide with 64bit divisor rounded to nearest integer
Parameters
dividendunsigned 64bit dividend
divisorunsigned 64bit divisor
Description
Divide unsigned 64bit dividend by unsigned 64bit divisor and round to closest integer.
Return
dividend / divisor rounded to nearest integer
-
DIV_U64_ROUND_CLOSEST¶
DIV_U64_ROUND_CLOSEST (dividend, divisor)
unsigned 64bit divide with 32bit divisor rounded to nearest integer
Parameters
dividendunsigned 64bit dividend
divisorunsigned 32bit divisor
Description
Divide unsigned 64bit dividend by unsigned 32bit divisor and round to closest integer.
Return
dividend / divisor rounded to nearest integer
-
DIV_S64_ROUND_CLOSEST¶
DIV_S64_ROUND_CLOSEST (dividend, divisor)
signed 64bit divide with 32bit divisor rounded to nearest integer
Parameters
dividendsigned 64bit dividend
divisorsigned 32bit divisor
Description
Divide signed 64bit dividend by signed 32bit divisor and round to closest integer.
Return
dividend / divisor rounded to nearest integer
-
unsigned long gcd(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)¶
calculate and return the greatest common divisor of 2 unsigned longs
Parameters
unsigned long afirst value
unsigned long bsecond value
UUID/GUID¶
-
void generate_random_uuid(unsigned char uuid[16])¶
generate a random UUID
Parameters
unsigned char uuid[16]where to put the generated UUID
Description
Random UUID interface
Used to create a Boot ID or a filesystem UUID/GUID, but can be useful for other kernel drivers.
-
bool uuid_is_valid(const char *uuid)¶
checks if a UUID string is valid
Parameters
const char *uuidUUID string to check
Description
- It checks if the UUID string is following the format:
xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx
where x is a hex digit.
Return
true if input is valid UUID string.
Kernel IPC facilities¶
IPC utilities¶
-
int ipc_init(void)¶
initialise ipc subsystem
Parameters
voidno arguments
Description
The various sysv ipc resources (semaphores, messages and shared memory) are initialised.
A callback routine is registered into the memory hotplug notifier chain: since msgmni scales to lowmem this callback routine will be called upon successful memory add / remove to recompute msmgni.
-
void ipc_init_ids(struct ipc_ids *ids)¶
initialise ipc identifiers
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
Description
Set up the sequence range to use for the ipc identifier range (limited below ipc_mni) then initialise the keys hashtable and ids idr.
-
void ipc_init_proc_interface(const char *path, const char *header, int ids, int (*show)(struct seq_file*, void*))¶
create a proc interface for sysipc types using a seq_file interface.
Parameters
const char *pathPath in procfs
const char *headerBanner to be printed at the beginning of the file.
int idsipc id table to iterate.
int (*show)(struct seq_file *, void *)show routine.
-
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipc_findkey(struct ipc_ids *ids, key_t key)¶
find a key in an ipc identifier set
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
key_t keykey to find
Description
Returns the locked pointer to the ipc structure if found or NULL otherwise. If key is found ipc points to the owning ipc structure
Called with writer ipc_ids.rwsem held.
-
int ipc_addid(struct ipc_ids *ids, struct kern_ipc_perm *new, int limit)¶
add an ipc identifier
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
struct kern_ipc_perm *newnew ipc permission set
int limitlimit for the number of used ids
Description
Add an entry ‘new’ to the ipc ids idr. The permissions object is initialised and the first free entry is set up and the index assigned is returned. The ‘new’ entry is returned in a locked state on success.
On failure the entry is not locked and a negative err-code is returned. The caller must use ipc_rcu_putref() to free the identifier.
Called with writer ipc_ids.rwsem held.
-
int ipcget_new(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct ipc_ids *ids, const struct ipc_ops *ops, struct ipc_params *params)¶
create a new ipc object
Parameters
struct ipc_namespace *nsipc namespace
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
const struct ipc_ops *opsthe actual creation routine to call
struct ipc_params *paramsits parameters
Description
This routine is called by sys_msgget, sys_semget() and sys_shmget() when the key is IPC_PRIVATE.
-
int ipc_check_perms(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcp, const struct ipc_ops *ops, struct ipc_params *params)¶
check security and permissions for an ipc object
Parameters
struct ipc_namespace *nsipc namespace
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcpipc permission set
const struct ipc_ops *opsthe actual security routine to call
struct ipc_params *paramsits parameters
Description
This routine is called by sys_msgget(), sys_semget() and sys_shmget() when the key is not IPC_PRIVATE and that key already exists in the ds IDR.
On success, the ipc id is returned.
It is called with ipc_ids.rwsem and ipcp->lock held.
-
int ipcget_public(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct ipc_ids *ids, const struct ipc_ops *ops, struct ipc_params *params)¶
get an ipc object or create a new one
Parameters
struct ipc_namespace *nsipc namespace
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
const struct ipc_ops *opsthe actual creation routine to call
struct ipc_params *paramsits parameters
Description
This routine is called by sys_msgget, sys_semget() and sys_shmget() when the key is not IPC_PRIVATE. It adds a new entry if the key is not found and does some permission / security checkings if the key is found.
On success, the ipc id is returned.
-
void ipc_kht_remove(struct ipc_ids *ids, struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcp)¶
remove an ipc from the key hashtable
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcpipc perm structure containing the key to remove
Description
ipc_ids.rwsem (as a writer) and the spinlock for this ID are held before this function is called, and remain locked on the exit.
-
int ipc_search_maxidx(struct ipc_ids *ids, int limit)¶
search for the highest assigned index
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
int limitknown upper limit for highest assigned index
Description
The function determines the highest assigned index in ids. It is intended to be called when ids->max_idx needs to be updated. Updating ids->max_idx is necessary when the current highest index ipc object is deleted. If no ipc object is allocated, then -1 is returned.
ipc_ids.rwsem needs to be held by the caller.
-
void ipc_rmid(struct ipc_ids *ids, struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcp)¶
remove an ipc identifier
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcpipc perm structure containing the identifier to remove
Description
ipc_ids.rwsem (as a writer) and the spinlock for this ID are held before this function is called, and remain locked on the exit.
-
void ipc_set_key_private(struct ipc_ids *ids, struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcp)¶
switch the key of an existing ipc to IPC_PRIVATE
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcpipc perm structure containing the key to modify
Description
ipc_ids.rwsem (as a writer) and the spinlock for this ID are held before this function is called, and remain locked on the exit.
-
int ipcperms(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcp, short flag)¶
check ipc permissions
Parameters
struct ipc_namespace *nsipc namespace
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcpipc permission set
short flagdesired permission set
Description
Check user, group, other permissions for access to ipc resources. return 0 if allowed
flag will most probably be 0 or S_...UGO from <linux/stat.h>
-
void kernel_to_ipc64_perm(struct kern_ipc_perm *in, struct ipc64_perm *out)¶
convert kernel ipc permissions to user
Parameters
struct kern_ipc_perm *inkernel permissions
struct ipc64_perm *outnew style ipc permissions
Description
Turn the kernel object in into a set of permissions descriptions for returning to userspace (out).
-
void ipc64_perm_to_ipc_perm(struct ipc64_perm *in, struct ipc_perm *out)¶
convert new ipc permissions to old
Parameters
struct ipc64_perm *innew style ipc permissions
struct ipc_perm *outold style ipc permissions
Description
Turn the new style permissions object in into a compatibility object and store it into the out pointer.
-
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipc_obtain_object_idr(struct ipc_ids *ids, int id)¶
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
int idipc id to look for
Description
Look for an id in the ipc ids idr and return associated ipc object.
Call inside the RCU critical section. The ipc object is not locked on exit.
-
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipc_obtain_object_check(struct ipc_ids *ids, int id)¶
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
int idipc id to look for
Description
Similar to ipc_obtain_object_idr() but also checks the ipc object
sequence number.
Call inside the RCU critical section. The ipc object is not locked on exit.
-
int ipcget(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct ipc_ids *ids, const struct ipc_ops *ops, struct ipc_params *params)¶
Common sys_*get() code
Parameters
struct ipc_namespace *nsnamespace
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
const struct ipc_ops *opsoperations to be called on ipc object creation, permission checks and further checks
struct ipc_params *paramsthe parameters needed by the previous operations.
Description
Common routine called by sys_msgget(), sys_semget() and sys_shmget().
-
int ipc_update_perm(struct ipc64_perm *in, struct kern_ipc_perm *out)¶
update the permissions of an ipc object
Parameters
struct ipc64_perm *inthe permission given as input.
struct kern_ipc_perm *outthe permission of the ipc to set.
-
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcctl_obtain_check(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct ipc_ids *ids, int id, int cmd, struct ipc64_perm *perm, int extra_perm)¶
retrieve an ipc object and check permissions
Parameters
struct ipc_namespace *nsipc namespace
struct ipc_ids *idsthe table of ids where to look for the ipc
int idthe id of the ipc to retrieve
int cmdthe cmd to check
struct ipc64_perm *permthe permission to set
int extra_permone extra permission parameter used by msq
Description
This function does some common audit and permissions check for some IPC_XXX cmd and is called from semctl_down, shmctl_down and msgctl_down.
- It:
retrieves the ipc object with the given id in the given table.
performs some audit and permission check, depending on the given cmd
returns a pointer to the ipc object or otherwise, the corresponding error.
Call holding the both the rwsem and the rcu read lock.
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int ipc_parse_version(int *cmd)¶
ipc call version
Parameters
int *cmdpointer to command
Description
Return IPC_64 for new style IPC and IPC_OLD for old style IPC. The cmd value is turned from an encoding command and version into just the command code.
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struct kern_ipc_perm *sysvipc_find_ipc(struct ipc_ids *ids, loff_t *pos)¶
Find and lock the ipc structure based on seq pos
Parameters
struct ipc_ids *idsipc identifier set
loff_t *posexpected position
Description
The function finds an ipc structure, based on the sequence file
position pos. If there is no ipc structure at position pos, then
the successor is selected.
If a structure is found, then it is locked (both rcu_read_lock() and
ipc_lock_object()) and pos is set to the position needed to locate
the found ipc structure.
If nothing is found (i.e. EOF), pos is not modified.
The function returns the found ipc structure, or NULL at EOF.
FIFO Buffer¶
kfifo interface¶
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DECLARE_KFIFO_PTR¶
DECLARE_KFIFO_PTR (fifo, type)
macro to declare a fifo pointer object
Parameters
fifoname of the declared fifo
typetype of the fifo elements
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DECLARE_KFIFO¶
DECLARE_KFIFO (fifo, type, size)
macro to declare a fifo object
Parameters
fifoname of the declared fifo
typetype of the fifo elements
sizethe number of elements in the fifo, this must be a power of 2
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INIT_KFIFO¶
INIT_KFIFO (fifo)
Initialize a fifo declared by DECLARE_KFIFO
Parameters
fifoname of the declared fifo datatype
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DEFINE_KFIFO¶
DEFINE_KFIFO (fifo, type, size)
macro to define and initialize a fifo
Parameters
fifoname of the declared fifo datatype
typetype of the fifo elements
sizethe number of elements in the fifo, this must be a power of 2
Note
the macro can be used for global and local fifo data type variables.
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kfifo_initialized¶
kfifo_initialized (fifo)
Check if the fifo is initialized
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to check
Description
Return true if fifo is initialized, otherwise false.
Assumes the fifo was 0 before.
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kfifo_esize¶
kfifo_esize (fifo)
returns the size of the element managed by the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_recsize¶
kfifo_recsize (fifo)
returns the size of the record length field
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_size¶
kfifo_size (fifo)
returns the size of the fifo in elements
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_reset¶
kfifo_reset (fifo)
removes the entire fifo content
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
Note
usage of kfifo_reset() is dangerous. It should be only called when the
fifo is exclusived locked or when it is secured that no other thread is
accessing the fifo.
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kfifo_reset_out¶
kfifo_reset_out (fifo)
skip fifo content
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
Note
The usage of kfifo_reset_out() is safe until it will be only called
from the reader thread and there is only one concurrent reader. Otherwise
it is dangerous and must be handled in the same way as kfifo_reset().
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kfifo_len¶
kfifo_len (fifo)
returns the number of used elements in the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_is_empty¶
kfifo_is_empty (fifo)
returns true if the fifo is empty
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_is_empty_spinlocked¶
kfifo_is_empty_spinlocked (fifo, lock)
returns true if the fifo is empty using a spinlock for locking
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
lockspinlock to be used for locking
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kfifo_is_empty_spinlocked_noirqsave¶
kfifo_is_empty_spinlocked_noirqsave (fifo, lock)
returns true if the fifo is empty using a spinlock for locking, doesn’t disable interrupts
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
lockspinlock to be used for locking
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kfifo_is_full¶
kfifo_is_full (fifo)
returns true if the fifo is full
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_avail¶
kfifo_avail (fifo)
returns the number of unused elements in the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_skip¶
kfifo_skip (fifo)
skip output data
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
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kfifo_peek_len¶
kfifo_peek_len (fifo)
gets the size of the next fifo record
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
Description
This function returns the size of the next fifo record in number of bytes.
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kfifo_alloc¶
kfifo_alloc (fifo, size, gfp_mask)
dynamically allocates a new fifo buffer
Parameters
fifopointer to the fifo
sizethe number of elements in the fifo, this must be a power of 2
gfp_maskget_free_pages mask, passed to
kmalloc()
Description
This macro dynamically allocates a new fifo buffer.
The number of elements will be rounded-up to a power of 2.
The fifo will be release with kfifo_free().
Return 0 if no error, otherwise an error code.
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kfifo_free¶
kfifo_free (fifo)
frees the fifo
Parameters
fifothe fifo to be freed
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kfifo_init¶
kfifo_init (fifo, buffer, size)
initialize a fifo using a preallocated buffer
Parameters
fifothe fifo to assign the buffer
bufferthe preallocated buffer to be used
sizethe size of the internal buffer, this have to be a power of 2
Description
This macro initializes a fifo using a preallocated buffer.
The number of elements will be rounded-up to a power of 2. Return 0 if no error, otherwise an error code.
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kfifo_put¶
kfifo_put (fifo, val)
put data into the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
valthe data to be added
Description
This macro copies the given value into the fifo. It returns 0 if the fifo was full. Otherwise it returns the number processed elements.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
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kfifo_get¶
kfifo_get (fifo, val)
get data from the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
valaddress where to store the data
Description
This macro reads the data from the fifo. It returns 0 if the fifo was empty. Otherwise it returns the number processed elements.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
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kfifo_peek¶
kfifo_peek (fifo, val)
get data from the fifo without removing
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
valaddress where to store the data
Description
This reads the data from the fifo without removing it from the fifo. It returns 0 if the fifo was empty. Otherwise it returns the number processed elements.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
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kfifo_in¶
kfifo_in (fifo, buf, n)
put data into the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
bufthe data to be added
nnumber of elements to be added
Description
This macro copies the given buffer into the fifo and returns the number of copied elements.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
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kfifo_in_spinlocked¶
kfifo_in_spinlocked (fifo, buf, n, lock)
put data into the fifo using a spinlock for locking
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
bufthe data to be added
nnumber of elements to be added
lockpointer to the spinlock to use for locking
Description
This macro copies the given values buffer into the fifo and returns the number of copied elements.
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kfifo_in_spinlocked_noirqsave¶
kfifo_in_spinlocked_noirqsave (fifo, buf, n, lock)
put data into fifo using a spinlock for locking, don’t disable interrupts
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
bufthe data to be added
nnumber of elements to be added
lockpointer to the spinlock to use for locking
Description
This is a variant of kfifo_in_spinlocked() but uses spin_lock/unlock()
for locking and doesn’t disable interrupts.
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kfifo_out¶
kfifo_out (fifo, buf, n)
get data from the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
bufpointer to the storage buffer
nmax. number of elements to get
Description
This macro get some data from the fifo and return the numbers of elements copied.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
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kfifo_out_spinlocked¶
kfifo_out_spinlocked (fifo, buf, n, lock)
get data from the fifo using a spinlock for locking
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
bufpointer to the storage buffer
nmax. number of elements to get
lockpointer to the spinlock to use for locking
Description
This macro get the data from the fifo and return the numbers of elements copied.
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kfifo_out_spinlocked_noirqsave¶
kfifo_out_spinlocked_noirqsave (fifo, buf, n, lock)
get data from the fifo using a spinlock for locking, don’t disable interrupts
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
bufpointer to the storage buffer
nmax. number of elements to get
lockpointer to the spinlock to use for locking
Description
This is a variant of kfifo_out_spinlocked() which uses spin_lock/unlock()
for locking and doesn’t disable interrupts.
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kfifo_from_user¶
kfifo_from_user (fifo, from, len, copied)
puts some data from user space into the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
frompointer to the data to be added
lenthe length of the data to be added
copiedpointer to output variable to store the number of copied bytes
Description
This macro copies at most len bytes from the from into the fifo, depending of the available space and returns -EFAULT/0.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
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kfifo_to_user¶
kfifo_to_user (fifo, to, len, copied)
copies data from the fifo into user space
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
towhere the data must be copied
lenthe size of the destination buffer
copiedpointer to output variable to store the number of copied bytes
Description
This macro copies at most len bytes from the fifo into the to buffer and returns -EFAULT/0.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
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kfifo_dma_in_prepare¶
kfifo_dma_in_prepare (fifo, sgl, nents, len)
setup a scatterlist for DMA input
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
sglpointer to the scatterlist array
nentsnumber of entries in the scatterlist array
lennumber of elements to transfer
Description
This macro fills a scatterlist for DMA input. It returns the number entries in the scatterlist array.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macros.
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kfifo_dma_in_finish¶
kfifo_dma_in_finish (fifo, len)
finish a DMA IN operation
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
lennumber of bytes to received
Description
This macro finish a DMA IN operation. The in counter will be updated by the len parameter. No error checking will be done.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macros.
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kfifo_dma_out_prepare¶
kfifo_dma_out_prepare (fifo, sgl, nents, len)
setup a scatterlist for DMA output
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
sglpointer to the scatterlist array
nentsnumber of entries in the scatterlist array
lennumber of elements to transfer
Description
This macro fills a scatterlist for DMA output which at most len bytes to transfer. It returns the number entries in the scatterlist array. A zero means there is no space available and the scatterlist is not filled.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macros.
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kfifo_dma_out_finish¶
kfifo_dma_out_finish (fifo, len)
finish a DMA OUT operation
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
lennumber of bytes transferred
Description
This macro finish a DMA OUT operation. The out counter will be updated by the len parameter. No error checking will be done.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macros.
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kfifo_out_peek¶
kfifo_out_peek (fifo, buf, n)
gets some data from the fifo
Parameters
fifoaddress of the fifo to be used
bufpointer to the storage buffer
nmax. number of elements to get
Description
This macro get the data from the fifo and return the numbers of elements copied. The data is not removed from the fifo.
Note that with only one concurrent reader and one concurrent writer, you don’t need extra locking to use these macro.
relay interface support¶
Relay interface support is designed to provide an efficient mechanism for tools and facilities to relay large amounts of data from kernel space to user space.
relay interface¶
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int relay_buf_full(struct rchan_buf *buf)¶
boolean, is the channel buffer full?
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufchannel buffer
Returns 1 if the buffer is full, 0 otherwise.
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void relay_reset(struct rchan *chan)¶
reset the channel
Parameters
struct rchan *chanthe channel
This has the effect of erasing all data from all channel buffers and restarting the channel in its initial state. The buffers are not freed, so any mappings are still in effect.
NOTE. Care should be taken that the channel isn’t actually being used by anything when this call is made.
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struct rchan *relay_open(const char *base_filename, struct dentry *parent, size_t subbuf_size, size_t n_subbufs, const struct rchan_callbacks *cb, void *private_data)¶
create a new relay channel
Parameters
const char *base_filenamebase name of files to create,
NULLfor buffering onlystruct dentry *parentdentry of parent directory,
NULLfor root directory or buffersize_t subbuf_sizesize of sub-buffers
size_t n_subbufsnumber of sub-buffers
const struct rchan_callbacks *cbclient callback functions
void *private_datauser-defined data
Returns channel pointer if successful,
NULLotherwise.Creates a channel buffer for each cpu using the sizes and attributes specified. The created channel buffer files will be named base_filename0…base_filenameN-1. File permissions will be
S_IRUSR.If opening a buffer (parent = NULL) that you later wish to register in a filesystem, call
relay_late_setup_files()once the parent dentry is available.
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int relay_late_setup_files(struct rchan *chan, const char *base_filename, struct dentry *parent)¶
triggers file creation
Parameters
struct rchan *chanchannel to operate on
const char *base_filenamebase name of files to create
struct dentry *parentdentry of parent directory,
NULLfor root directoryReturns 0 if successful, non-zero otherwise.
Use to setup files for a previously buffer-only channel created by
relay_open()with a NULL parent dentry.For example, this is useful for perfomring early tracing in kernel, before VFS is up and then exposing the early results once the dentry is available.
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size_t relay_switch_subbuf(struct rchan_buf *buf, size_t length)¶
switch to a new sub-buffer
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufchannel buffer
size_t lengthsize of current event
Returns either the length passed in or 0 if full.
Performs sub-buffer-switch tasks such as invoking callbacks, updating padding counts, waking up readers, etc.
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void relay_subbufs_consumed(struct rchan *chan, unsigned int cpu, size_t subbufs_consumed)¶
update the buffer’s sub-buffers-consumed count
Parameters
struct rchan *chanthe channel
unsigned int cputhe cpu associated with the channel buffer to update
size_t subbufs_consumednumber of sub-buffers to add to current buf’s count
Adds to the channel buffer’s consumed sub-buffer count. subbufs_consumed should be the number of sub-buffers newly consumed, not the total consumed.
NOTE. Kernel clients don’t need to call this function if the channel mode is ‘overwrite’.
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void relay_close(struct rchan *chan)¶
close the channel
Parameters
struct rchan *chanthe channel
Closes all channel buffers and frees the channel.
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void relay_flush(struct rchan *chan)¶
close the channel
Parameters
struct rchan *chanthe channel
Flushes all channel buffers, i.e. forces buffer switch.
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int relay_mmap_buf(struct rchan_buf *buf, struct vm_area_struct *vma)¶
mmap channel buffer to process address space
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufrelay channel buffer
struct vm_area_struct *vmavm_area_struct describing memory to be mapped
Returns 0 if ok, negative on error
Caller should already have grabbed mmap_lock.
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void *relay_alloc_buf(struct rchan_buf *buf, size_t *size)¶
allocate a channel buffer
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufthe buffer struct
size_t *sizetotal size of the buffer
Returns a pointer to the resulting buffer,
NULLif unsuccessful. The passed in size will get page aligned, if it isn’t already.
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struct rchan_buf *relay_create_buf(struct rchan *chan)¶
allocate and initialize a channel buffer
Parameters
struct rchan *chanthe relay channel
Returns channel buffer if successful,
NULLotherwise.
Parameters
struct kref *kreftarget kernel reference that contains the relay channel
Should only be called from kref_put().
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void relay_destroy_buf(struct rchan_buf *buf)¶
destroy an rchan_buf struct and associated buffer
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufthe buffer struct
Parameters
struct kref *kreftarget kernel reference that contains the relay buffer
Removes the file from the filesystem, which also frees the rchan_buf_struct and the channel buffer. Should only be called from kref_put().
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int relay_buf_empty(struct rchan_buf *buf)¶
boolean, is the channel buffer empty?
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufchannel buffer
Returns 1 if the buffer is empty, 0 otherwise.
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void wakeup_readers(struct irq_work *work)¶
wake up readers waiting on a channel
Parameters
struct irq_work *workcontains the channel buffer
This is the function used to defer reader waking
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void __relay_reset(struct rchan_buf *buf, unsigned int init)¶
reset a channel buffer
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufthe channel buffer
unsigned int init1 if this is a first-time initialization
See
relay_reset()for description of effect.
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void relay_close_buf(struct rchan_buf *buf)¶
close a channel buffer
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufchannel buffer
Marks the buffer finalized and restores the default callbacks. The channel buffer and channel buffer data structure are then freed automatically when the last reference is given up.
Parameters
struct inode *inodethe inode
struct file *filpthe file
Increments the channel buffer refcount.
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int relay_file_mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma)¶
mmap file op for relay files
Parameters
struct file *filpthe file
struct vm_area_struct *vmathe vma describing what to map
Calls upon
relay_mmap_buf()to map the file into user space.
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__poll_t relay_file_poll(struct file *filp, poll_table *wait)¶
poll file op for relay files
Parameters
struct file *filpthe file
poll_table *waitpoll table
Poll implemention.
Parameters
struct inode *inodethe inode
struct file *filpthe file
Decrements the channel refcount, as the filesystem is no longer using it.
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size_t relay_file_read_subbuf_avail(size_t read_pos, struct rchan_buf *buf)¶
return bytes available in sub-buffer
Parameters
size_t read_posfile read position
struct rchan_buf *bufrelay channel buffer
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size_t relay_file_read_start_pos(struct rchan_buf *buf)¶
find the first available byte to read
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufrelay channel buffer
If the read_pos is in the middle of padding, return the position of the first actually available byte, otherwise return the original value.
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size_t relay_file_read_end_pos(struct rchan_buf *buf, size_t read_pos, size_t count)¶
return the new read position
Parameters
struct rchan_buf *bufrelay channel buffer
size_t read_posfile read position
size_t countnumber of bytes to be read
Module Support¶
Module Loading¶
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int __request_module(bool wait, const char *fmt, ...)¶
try to load a kernel module
Parameters
bool waitwait (or not) for the operation to complete
const char *fmtprintf style format string for the name of the module
...arguments as specified in the format string
Description
Load a module using the user mode module loader. The function returns zero on success or a negative errno code or positive exit code from “modprobe” on failure. Note that a successful module load does not mean the module did not then unload and exit on an error of its own. Callers must check that the service they requested is now available not blindly invoke it.
If module auto-loading support is disabled then this function simply returns -ENOENT.
Inter Module support¶
Refer to the files in kernel/module/ for more information.
Hardware Interfaces¶
DMA Channels¶
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int request_dma(unsigned int dmanr, const char *device_id)¶
request and reserve a system DMA channel
Parameters
unsigned int dmanrDMA channel number
const char * device_idreserving device ID string, used in /proc/dma
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void free_dma(unsigned int dmanr)¶
free a reserved system DMA channel
Parameters
unsigned int dmanrDMA channel number
Resources Management¶
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struct resource *request_resource_conflict(struct resource *root, struct resource *new)¶
request and reserve an I/O or memory resource
Parameters
struct resource *rootroot resource descriptor
struct resource *newresource descriptor desired by caller
Description
Returns 0 for success, conflict resource on error.
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int find_next_iomem_res(resource_size_t start, resource_size_t end, unsigned long flags, unsigned long desc, struct resource *res)¶
Finds the lowest iomem resource that covers part of [start..**end**].
Parameters
resource_size_t startstart address of the resource searched for
resource_size_t endend address of same resource
unsigned long flagsflags which the resource must have
unsigned long descdescriptor the resource must have
struct resource *resreturn ptr, if resource found
Description
If a resource is found, returns 0 and ***res is overwritten with the part of the resource that’s within [**start..**end**]; if none is found, returns -ENODEV. Returns -EINVAL for invalid parameters.
The caller must specify start, end, flags, and desc (which may be IORES_DESC_NONE).
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int reallocate_resource(struct resource *root, struct resource *old, resource_size_t newsize, struct resource_constraint *constraint)¶
allocate a slot in the resource tree given range & alignment. The resource will be relocated if the new size cannot be reallocated in the current location.
Parameters
struct resource *rootroot resource descriptor
struct resource *oldresource descriptor desired by caller
resource_size_t newsizenew size of the resource descriptor
struct resource_constraint *constraintthe size and alignment constraints to be met.
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struct resource *lookup_resource(struct resource *root, resource_size_t start)¶
find an existing resource by a resource start address
Parameters
struct resource *rootroot resource descriptor
resource_size_t startresource start address
Description
Returns a pointer to the resource if found, NULL otherwise
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struct resource *insert_resource_conflict(struct resource *parent, struct resource *new)¶
Inserts resource in the resource tree
Parameters
struct resource *parentparent of the new resource
struct resource *newnew resource to insert
Description
Returns 0 on success, conflict resource if the resource can’t be inserted.
This function is equivalent to request_resource_conflict when no conflict happens. If a conflict happens, and the conflicting resources entirely fit within the range of the new resource, then the new resource is inserted and the conflicting resources become children of the new resource.
This function is intended for producers of resources, such as FW modules and bus drivers.
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resource_size_t resource_alignment(struct resource *res)¶
calculate resource’s alignment
Parameters
struct resource *resresource pointer
Description
Returns alignment on success, 0 (invalid alignment) on failure.
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void release_mem_region_adjustable(resource_size_t start, resource_size_t size)¶
release a previously reserved memory region
Parameters
resource_size_t startresource start address
resource_size_t sizeresource region size
Description
This interface is intended for memory hot-delete. The requested region is released from a currently busy memory resource. The requested region must either match exactly or fit into a single busy resource entry. In the latter case, the remaining resource is adjusted accordingly. Existing children of the busy memory resource must be immutable in the request.
Note
Additional release conditions, such as overlapping region, can be supported after they are confirmed as valid cases.
When a busy memory resource gets split into two entries, the code assumes that all children remain in the lower address entry for simplicity. Enhance this logic when necessary.
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void merge_system_ram_resource(struct resource *res)¶
mark the System RAM resource mergeable and try to merge it with adjacent, mergeable resources
Parameters
struct resource *resresource descriptor
Description
This interface is intended for memory hotplug, whereby lots of contiguous system ram resources are added (e.g., via add_memory*()) by a driver, and the actual resource boundaries are not of interest (e.g., it might be relevant for DIMMs). Only resources that are marked mergeable, that have the same parent, and that don’t have any children are considered. All mergeable resources must be immutable during the request.
Note
The caller has to make sure that no pointers to resources that are marked mergeable are used anymore after this call - the resource might be freed and the pointer might be stale!
release_mem_region_adjustable()will split on demand on memory hotunplug
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int request_resource(struct resource *root, struct resource *new)¶
request and reserve an I/O or memory resource
Parameters
struct resource *rootroot resource descriptor
struct resource *newresource descriptor desired by caller
Description
Returns 0 for success, negative error code on error.
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int release_resource(struct resource *old)¶
release a previously reserved resource
Parameters
struct resource *oldresource pointer
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int walk_iomem_res_desc(unsigned long desc, unsigned long flags, u64 start, u64 end, void *arg, int (*func)(struct resource*, void*))¶
Walks through iomem resources and calls func() with matching resource ranges. *
Parameters
unsigned long descI/O resource descriptor. Use IORES_DESC_NONE to skip desc check.
unsigned long flagsI/O resource flags
u64 startstart addr
u64 endend addr
void *argfunction argument for the callback func
int (*func)(struct resource *, void *)callback function that is called for each qualifying resource area
Description
All the memory ranges which overlap start,end and also match flags and desc are valid candidates.
NOTE
For a new descriptor search, define a new IORES_DESC in <linux/ioport.h> and set it in ‘desc’ of a target resource entry.
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int region_intersects(resource_size_t start, size_t size, unsigned long flags, unsigned long desc)¶
determine intersection of region with known resources
Parameters
resource_size_t startregion start address
size_t sizesize of region
unsigned long flagsflags of resource (in iomem_resource)
unsigned long descdescriptor of resource (in iomem_resource) or IORES_DESC_NONE
Description
Check if the specified region partially overlaps or fully eclipses a resource identified by flags and desc (optional with IORES_DESC_NONE). Return REGION_DISJOINT if the region does not overlap flags/desc, return REGION_MIXED if the region overlaps flags/desc and another resource, and return REGION_INTERSECTS if the region overlaps flags/desc and no other defined resource. Note that REGION_INTERSECTS is also returned in the case when the specified region overlaps RAM and undefined memory holes.
region_intersect() is used by memory remapping functions to ensure the user is not remapping RAM and is a vast speed up over walking through the resource table page by page.
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int allocate_resource(struct resource *root, struct resource *new, resource_size_t size, resource_size_t min, resource_size_t max, resource_size_t align, resource_size_t (*alignf)(void*, const struct resource*, resource_size_t, resource_size_t), void *alignf_data)¶
allocate empty slot in the resource tree given range & alignment. The resource will be reallocated with a new size if it was already allocated
Parameters
struct resource *rootroot resource descriptor
struct resource *newresource descriptor desired by caller
resource_size_t sizerequested resource region size
resource_size_t minminimum boundary to allocate
resource_size_t maxmaximum boundary to allocate
resource_size_t alignalignment requested, in bytes
resource_size_t (*alignf)(void *, const struct resource *, resource_size_t, resource_size_t)alignment function, optional, called if not NULL
void *alignf_dataarbitrary data to pass to the alignf function
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int insert_resource(struct resource *parent, struct resource *new)¶
Inserts a resource in the resource tree
Parameters
struct resource *parentparent of the new resource
struct resource *newnew resource to insert
Description
Returns 0 on success, -EBUSY if the resource can’t be inserted.
This function is intended for producers of resources, such as FW modules and bus drivers.
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void insert_resource_expand_to_fit(struct resource *root, struct resource *new)¶
Insert a resource into the resource tree
Parameters
struct resource *rootroot resource descriptor
struct resource *newnew resource to insert
Description
Insert a resource into the resource tree, possibly expanding it in order to make it encompass any conflicting resources.
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int remove_resource(struct resource *old)¶
Remove a resource in the resource tree
Parameters
struct resource *oldresource to remove
Description
Returns 0 on success, -EINVAL if the resource is not valid.
This function removes a resource previously inserted by insert_resource()
or insert_resource_conflict(), and moves the children (if any) up to
where they were before. insert_resource() and insert_resource_conflict()
insert a new resource, and move any conflicting resources down to the
children of the new resource.
insert_resource(), insert_resource_conflict() and remove_resource() are
intended for producers of resources, such as FW modules and bus drivers.
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int adjust_resource(struct resource *res, resource_size_t start, resource_size_t size)¶
modify a resource’s start and size
Parameters
struct resource *resresource to modify
resource_size_t startnew start value
resource_size_t sizenew size
Description
Given an existing resource, change its start and size to match the arguments. Returns 0 on success, -EBUSY if it can’t fit. Existing children of the resource are assumed to be immutable.
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struct resource *__request_region(struct resource *parent, resource_size_t start, resource_size_t n, const char *name, int flags)¶
create a new busy resource region
Parameters
struct resource *parentparent resource descriptor
resource_size_t startresource start address
resource_size_t nresource region size
const char *namereserving caller’s ID string
int flagsIO resource flags
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void __release_region(struct resource *parent, resource_size_t start, resource_size_t n)¶
release a previously reserved resource region
Parameters
struct resource *parentparent resource descriptor
resource_size_t startresource start address
resource_size_t nresource region size
Description
The described resource region must match a currently busy region.
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int devm_request_resource(struct device *dev, struct resource *root, struct resource *new)¶
request and reserve an I/O or memory resource
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for which to request the resource
struct resource *rootroot of the resource tree from which to request the resource
struct resource *newdescriptor of the resource to request
Description
This is a device-managed version of request_resource(). There is usually
no need to release resources requested by this function explicitly since
that will be taken care of when the device is unbound from its driver.
If for some reason the resource needs to be released explicitly, because
of ordering issues for example, drivers must call devm_release_resource()
rather than the regular release_resource().
When a conflict is detected between any existing resources and the newly requested resource, an error message will be printed.
Returns 0 on success or a negative error code on failure.
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void devm_release_resource(struct device *dev, struct resource *new)¶
release a previously requested resource
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for which to release the resource
struct resource *newdescriptor of the resource to release
Description
Releases a resource previously requested using devm_request_resource().
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struct resource *devm_request_free_mem_region(struct device *dev, struct resource *base, unsigned long size)¶
find free region for device private memory
Parameters
struct device *devdevice struct to bind the resource to
struct resource *baseresource tree to look in
unsigned long sizesize in bytes of the device memory to add
Description
This function tries to find an empty range of physical address big enough to contain the new resource, so that it can later be hotplugged as ZONE_DEVICE memory, which in turn allocates struct pages.
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struct resource *alloc_free_mem_region(struct resource *base, unsigned long size, unsigned long align, const char *name)¶
find a free region relative to base
Parameters
struct resource *baseresource that will parent the new resource
unsigned long sizesize in bytes of memory to allocate from base
unsigned long alignalignment requirements for the allocation
const char *nameresource name
Description
Buses like CXL, that can dynamically instantiate new memory regions, need a method to allocate physical address space for those regions. Allocate and insert a new resource to cover a free, unclaimed by a descendant of base, range in the span of base.
MTRR Handling¶
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int arch_phys_wc_add(unsigned long base, unsigned long size)¶
add a WC MTRR and handle errors if PAT is unavailable
Parameters
unsigned long basePhysical base address
unsigned long sizeSize of region
Description
If PAT is available, this does nothing. If PAT is unavailable, it attempts to add a WC MTRR covering size bytes starting at base and logs an error if this fails.
The called should provide a power of two size on an equivalent power of two boundary.
Drivers must store the return value to pass to mtrr_del_wc_if_needed, but drivers should not try to interpret that return value.
Security Framework¶
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int security_init(void)¶
initializes the security framework
Parameters
voidno arguments
Description
This should be called early in the kernel initialization sequence.
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void security_add_hooks(struct security_hook_list *hooks, int count, const char *lsm)¶
Add a modules hooks to the hook lists.
Parameters
struct security_hook_list *hooksthe hooks to add
int countthe number of hooks to add
const char *lsmthe name of the security module
Description
Each LSM has to register its hooks with the infrastructure.
Parameters
struct cred *credthe cred that needs a blob
gfp_t gfpallocation type
Description
Allocate the cred blob for all the modules
Returns 0, or -ENOMEM if memory can’t be allocated.
Parameters
struct cred *credthe cred that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the cred blob for all the modules
Parameters
struct file *filethe file that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the file blob for all the modules
Returns 0, or -ENOMEM if memory can’t be allocated.
Parameters
struct inode *inodethe inode that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the inode blob for all the modules
Returns 0, or -ENOMEM if memory can’t be allocated.
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int lsm_task_alloc(struct task_struct *task)¶
allocate a composite task blob
Parameters
struct task_struct *taskthe task that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the task blob for all the modules
Returns 0, or -ENOMEM if memory can’t be allocated.
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int lsm_ipc_alloc(struct kern_ipc_perm *kip)¶
allocate a composite ipc blob
Parameters
struct kern_ipc_perm *kipthe ipc that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the ipc blob for all the modules
Returns 0, or -ENOMEM if memory can’t be allocated.
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int lsm_msg_msg_alloc(struct msg_msg *mp)¶
allocate a composite msg_msg blob
Parameters
struct msg_msg *mpthe msg_msg that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the ipc blob for all the modules
Returns 0, or -ENOMEM if memory can’t be allocated.
-
void lsm_early_task(struct task_struct *task)¶
during initialization allocate a composite task blob
Parameters
struct task_struct *taskthe task that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the task blob for all the modules
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int lsm_superblock_alloc(struct super_block *sb)¶
allocate a composite superblock blob
Parameters
struct super_block *sbthe superblock that needs a blob
Description
Allocate the superblock blob for all the modules
Returns 0, or -ENOMEM if memory can’t be allocated.
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struct dentry *securityfs_create_file(const char *name, umode_t mode, struct dentry *parent, void *data, const struct file_operations *fops)¶
create a file in the securityfs filesystem
Parameters
const char *namea pointer to a string containing the name of the file to create.
umode_t modethe permission that the file should have
struct dentry *parenta pointer to the parent dentry for this file. This should be a directory dentry if set. If this parameter is
NULL, then the file will be created in the root of the securityfs filesystem.void *dataa pointer to something that the caller will want to get to later on. The inode.i_private pointer will point to this value on the open() call.
const struct file_operations *fopsa pointer to a struct file_operations that should be used for this file.
Description
This function creates a file in securityfs with the given name.
This function returns a pointer to a dentry if it succeeds. This
pointer must be passed to the securityfs_remove() function when the file is
to be removed (no automatic cleanup happens if your module is unloaded,
you are responsible here). If an error occurs, the function will return
the error value (via ERR_PTR).
If securityfs is not enabled in the kernel, the value -ENODEV is
returned.
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struct dentry *securityfs_create_dir(const char *name, struct dentry *parent)¶
create a directory in the securityfs filesystem
Parameters
const char *namea pointer to a string containing the name of the directory to create.
struct dentry *parenta pointer to the parent dentry for this file. This should be a directory dentry if set. If this parameter is
NULL, then the directory will be created in the root of the securityfs filesystem.
Description
This function creates a directory in securityfs with the given name.
This function returns a pointer to a dentry if it succeeds. This
pointer must be passed to the securityfs_remove() function when the file is
to be removed (no automatic cleanup happens if your module is unloaded,
you are responsible here). If an error occurs, the function will return
the error value (via ERR_PTR).
If securityfs is not enabled in the kernel, the value -ENODEV is
returned.
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struct dentry *securityfs_create_symlink(const char *name, struct dentry *parent, const char *target, const struct inode_operations *iops)¶
create a symlink in the securityfs filesystem
Parameters
const char *namea pointer to a string containing the name of the symlink to create.
struct dentry *parenta pointer to the parent dentry for the symlink. This should be a directory dentry if set. If this parameter is
NULL, then the directory will be created in the root of the securityfs filesystem.const char *targeta pointer to a string containing the name of the symlink’s target. If this parameter is
NULL, then the iops parameter needs to be setup to handle .readlink and .get_link inode_operations.const struct inode_operations *iopsa pointer to the struct inode_operations to use for the symlink. If this parameter is
NULL, then the default simple_symlink_inode operations will be used.
Description
This function creates a symlink in securityfs with the given name.
This function returns a pointer to a dentry if it succeeds. This
pointer must be passed to the securityfs_remove() function when the file is
to be removed (no automatic cleanup happens if your module is unloaded,
you are responsible here). If an error occurs, the function will return
the error value (via ERR_PTR).
If securityfs is not enabled in the kernel, the value -ENODEV is
returned.
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void securityfs_remove(struct dentry *dentry)¶
removes a file or directory from the securityfs filesystem
Parameters
struct dentry *dentrya pointer to a the dentry of the file or directory to be removed.
Description
This function removes a file or directory in securityfs that was previously
created with a call to another securityfs function (like
securityfs_create_file() or variants thereof.)
This function is required to be called in order for the file to be removed. No automatic cleanup of files will happen when a module is removed; you are responsible here.
Audit Interfaces¶
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struct audit_buffer *audit_log_start(struct audit_context *ctx, gfp_t gfp_mask, int type)¶
obtain an audit buffer
Parameters
struct audit_context *ctxaudit_context (may be NULL)
gfp_t gfp_masktype of allocation
int typeaudit message type
Description
Returns audit_buffer pointer on success or NULL on error.
Obtain an audit buffer. This routine does locking to obtain the audit buffer, but then no locking is required for calls to audit_log_*format. If the task (ctx) is a task that is currently in a syscall, then the syscall is marked as auditable and an audit record will be written at syscall exit. If there is no associated task, then task context (ctx) should be NULL.
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void audit_log_format(struct audit_buffer *ab, const char *fmt, ...)¶
format a message into the audit buffer.
Parameters
struct audit_buffer *abaudit_buffer
const char *fmtformat string
...optional parameters matching fmt string
Description
All the work is done in audit_log_vformat.
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void audit_log_end(struct audit_buffer *ab)¶
end one audit record
Parameters
struct audit_buffer *abthe audit_buffer
Description
We can not do a netlink send inside an irq context because it blocks (last arg, flags, is not set to MSG_DONTWAIT), so the audit buffer is placed on a queue and a kthread is scheduled to remove them from the queue outside the irq context. May be called in any context.
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void audit_log(struct audit_context *ctx, gfp_t gfp_mask, int type, const char *fmt, ...)¶
Log an audit record
Parameters
struct audit_context *ctxaudit context
gfp_t gfp_masktype of allocation
int typeaudit message type
const char *fmtformat string to use
...variable parameters matching the format string
Description
This is a convenience function that calls audit_log_start, audit_log_vformat, and audit_log_end. It may be called in any context.
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int __audit_filter_op(struct task_struct *tsk, struct audit_context *ctx, struct list_head *list, struct audit_names *name, unsigned long op)¶
common filter helper for operations (syscall/uring/etc)
Parameters
struct task_struct *tskassociated task
struct audit_context *ctxaudit context
struct list_head *listaudit filter list
struct audit_names *nameaudit_name (can be NULL)
unsigned long opcurrent syscall/uring_op
Description
Run the udit filters specified in list against tsk using ctx, name, and op, as necessary; the caller is responsible for ensuring that the call is made while the RCU read lock is held. The name parameter can be NULL, but all others must be specified. Returns 1/true if the filter finds a match, 0/false if none are found.
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void audit_filter_uring(struct task_struct *tsk, struct audit_context *ctx)¶
apply filters to an io_uring operation
Parameters
struct task_struct *tskassociated task
struct audit_context *ctxaudit context
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void audit_reset_context(struct audit_context *ctx)¶
reset a audit_context structure
Parameters
struct audit_context *ctxthe audit_context to reset
Description
All fields in the audit_context will be reset to an initial state, all references held by fields will be dropped, and private memory will be released. When this function returns the audit_context will be suitable for reuse, so long as the passed context is not NULL or a dummy context.
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int audit_alloc(struct task_struct *tsk)¶
allocate an audit context block for a task
Parameters
struct task_struct *tsktask
Description
Filter on the task information and allocate a per-task audit context if necessary. Doing so turns on system call auditing for the specified task. This is called from copy_process, so no lock is needed.
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void audit_log_uring(struct audit_context *ctx)¶
generate a AUDIT_URINGOP record
Parameters
struct audit_context *ctxthe audit context
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void __audit_free(struct task_struct *tsk)¶
free a per-task audit context
Parameters
struct task_struct *tsktask whose audit context block to free
Description
Called from copy_process, do_exit, and the io_uring code
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void audit_return_fixup(struct audit_context *ctx, int success, long code)¶
fixup the return codes in the audit_context
Parameters
struct audit_context *ctxthe audit_context
int successtrue/false value to indicate if the operation succeeded or not
long codeoperation return code
Description
We need to fixup the return code in the audit logs if the actual return codes are later going to be fixed by the arch specific signal handlers.
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void __audit_uring_entry(u8 op)¶
prepare the kernel task’s audit context for io_uring
Parameters
u8 opthe io_uring opcode
Description
This is similar to audit_syscall_entry() but is intended for use by io_uring operations. This function should only ever be called from audit_uring_entry() as we rely on the audit context checking present in that function.
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void __audit_uring_exit(int success, long code)¶
wrap up the kernel task’s audit context after io_uring
Parameters
int successtrue/false value to indicate if the operation succeeded or not
long codeoperation return code
Description
This is similar to audit_syscall_exit() but is intended for use by io_uring operations. This function should only ever be called from audit_uring_exit() as we rely on the audit context checking present in that function.
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void __audit_syscall_entry(int major, unsigned long a1, unsigned long a2, unsigned long a3, unsigned long a4)¶
fill in an audit record at syscall entry
Parameters
int majormajor syscall type (function)
unsigned long a1additional syscall register 1
unsigned long a2additional syscall register 2
unsigned long a3additional syscall register 3
unsigned long a4additional syscall register 4
Description
Fill in audit context at syscall entry. This only happens if the audit context was created when the task was created and the state or filters demand the audit context be built. If the state from the per-task filter or from the per-syscall filter is AUDIT_STATE_RECORD, then the record will be written at syscall exit time (otherwise, it will only be written if another part of the kernel requests that it be written).
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void __audit_syscall_exit(int success, long return_code)¶
deallocate audit context after a system call
Parameters
int successsuccess value of the syscall
long return_codereturn value of the syscall
Description
Tear down after system call. If the audit context has been marked as auditable (either because of the AUDIT_STATE_RECORD state from filtering, or because some other part of the kernel wrote an audit message), then write out the syscall information. In call cases, free the names stored from getname().
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struct filename *__audit_reusename(__user const char *uptr)¶
fill out filename with info from existing entry
Parameters
const __user char *uptruserland ptr to pathname
Description
Search the audit_names list for the current audit context. If there is an existing entry with a matching “uptr” then return the filename associated with that audit_name. If not, return NULL.
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void __audit_getname(struct filename *name)¶
add a name to the list
Parameters
struct filename *namename to add
Description
Add a name to the list of audit names for this context. Called from fs/namei.c:getname().
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void __audit_inode(struct filename *name, const struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int flags)¶
store the inode and device from a lookup
Parameters
struct filename *namename being audited
const struct dentry *dentrydentry being audited
unsigned int flagsattributes for this particular entry
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int auditsc_get_stamp(struct audit_context *ctx, struct timespec64 *t, unsigned int *serial)¶
get local copies of audit_context values
Parameters
struct audit_context *ctxaudit_context for the task
struct timespec64 *ttimespec64 to store time recorded in the audit_context
unsigned int *serialserial value that is recorded in the audit_context
Description
Also sets the context as auditable.
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void __audit_mq_open(int oflag, umode_t mode, struct mq_attr *attr)¶
record audit data for a POSIX MQ open
Parameters
int oflagopen flag
umode_t modemode bits
struct mq_attr *attrqueue attributes
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void __audit_mq_sendrecv(mqd_t mqdes, size_t msg_len, unsigned int msg_prio, const struct timespec64 *abs_timeout)¶
record audit data for a POSIX MQ timed send/receive
Parameters
mqd_t mqdesMQ descriptor
size_t msg_lenMessage length
unsigned int msg_prioMessage priority
const struct timespec64 *abs_timeoutMessage timeout in absolute time
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void __audit_mq_notify(mqd_t mqdes, const struct sigevent *notification)¶
record audit data for a POSIX MQ notify
Parameters
mqd_t mqdesMQ descriptor
const struct sigevent *notificationNotification event
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void __audit_mq_getsetattr(mqd_t mqdes, struct mq_attr *mqstat)¶
record audit data for a POSIX MQ get/set attribute
Parameters
mqd_t mqdesMQ descriptor
struct mq_attr *mqstatMQ flags
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void __audit_ipc_obj(struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcp)¶
record audit data for ipc object
Parameters
struct kern_ipc_perm *ipcpipc permissions
-
void __audit_ipc_set_perm(unsigned long qbytes, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, umode_t mode)¶
record audit data for new ipc permissions
Parameters
unsigned long qbytesmsgq bytes
uid_t uidmsgq user id
gid_t gidmsgq group id
umode_t modemsgq mode (permissions)
Description
Called only after audit_ipc_obj().
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int __audit_socketcall(int nargs, unsigned long *args)¶
record audit data for sys_socketcall
Parameters
int nargsnumber of args, which should not be more than AUDITSC_ARGS.
unsigned long *argsargs array
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void __audit_fd_pair(int fd1, int fd2)¶
record audit data for pipe and socketpair
Parameters
int fd1the first file descriptor
int fd2the second file descriptor
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int __audit_sockaddr(int len, void *a)¶
record audit data for sys_bind, sys_connect, sys_sendto
Parameters
int lendata length in user space
void *adata address in kernel space
Description
Returns 0 for success or NULL context or < 0 on error.
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int audit_signal_info_syscall(struct task_struct *t)¶
record signal info for syscalls
Parameters
struct task_struct *ttask being signaled
Description
If the audit subsystem is being terminated, record the task (pid) and uid that is doing that.
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int __audit_log_bprm_fcaps(struct linux_binprm *bprm, const struct cred *new, const struct cred *old)¶
store information about a loading bprm and relevant fcaps
Parameters
struct linux_binprm *bprmpointer to the bprm being processed
const struct cred *newthe proposed new credentials
const struct cred *oldthe old credentials
Description
Simply check if the proc already has the caps given by the file and if not store the priv escalation info for later auditing at the end of the syscall
-Eric
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void __audit_log_capset(const struct cred *new, const struct cred *old)¶
store information about the arguments to the capset syscall
Parameters
const struct cred *newthe new credentials
const struct cred *oldthe old (current) credentials
Description
Record the arguments userspace sent to sys_capset for later printing by the audit system if applicable
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void audit_core_dumps(long signr)¶
record information about processes that end abnormally
Parameters
long signrsignal value
Description
If a process ends with a core dump, something fishy is going on and we should record the event for investigation.
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void audit_seccomp(unsigned long syscall, long signr, int code)¶
record information about a seccomp action
Parameters
unsigned long syscallsyscall number
long signrsignal value
int codethe seccomp action
Description
Record the information associated with a seccomp action. Event filtering for seccomp actions that are not to be logged is done in seccomp_log(). Therefore, this function forces auditing independent of the audit_enabled and dummy context state because seccomp actions should be logged even when audit is not in use.
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int audit_rule_change(int type, int seq, void *data, size_t datasz)¶
apply all rules to the specified message type
Parameters
int typeaudit message type
int seqnetlink audit message sequence (serial) number
void *datapayload data
size_t dataszsize of payload data
Parameters
struct sk_buff *request_skbskb of request we are replying to (used to target the reply)
int seqnetlink audit message sequence (serial) number
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int parent_len(const char *path)¶
find the length of the parent portion of a pathname
Parameters
const char *pathpathname of which to determine length
-
int audit_compare_dname_path(const struct qstr *dname, const char *path, int parentlen)¶
compare given dentry name with last component in given path. Return of 0 indicates a match.
Parameters
const struct qstr *dnamedentry name that we’re comparing
const char *pathfull pathname that we’re comparing
int parentlenlength of the parent if known. Passing in AUDIT_NAME_FULL here indicates that we must compute this value.
Accounting Framework¶
-
long sys_acct(const char __user *name)¶
enable/disable process accounting
Parameters
const char __user * namefile name for accounting records or NULL to shutdown accounting
Description
sys_acct() is the only system call needed to implement process
accounting. It takes the name of the file where accounting records
should be written. If the filename is NULL, accounting will be
shutdown.
Return
0 for success or negative errno values for failure.
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void acct_collect(long exitcode, int group_dead)¶
collect accounting information into pacct_struct
Parameters
long exitcodetask exit code
int group_deadnot 0, if this thread is the last one in the process.
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void acct_process(void)¶
handles process accounting for an exiting task
Parameters
voidno arguments
Block Devices¶
-
void bio_advance(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nbytes)¶
increment/complete a bio by some number of bytes
Parameters
struct bio *biobio to advance
unsigned int nbytesnumber of bytes to complete
Description
This updates bi_sector, bi_size and bi_idx; if the number of bytes to complete doesn’t align with a bvec boundary, then bv_len and bv_offset will be updated on the last bvec as well.
bio will then represent the remaining, uncompleted portion of the io.
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struct folio_iter¶
State for iterating all folios in a bio.
Definition:
struct folio_iter {
struct folio *folio;
size_t offset;
size_t length;
};
Members
folioThe current folio we’re iterating. NULL after the last folio.
offsetThe byte offset within the current folio.
lengthThe number of bytes in this iteration (will not cross folio boundary).
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bio_for_each_folio_all¶
bio_for_each_folio_all (fi, bio)
Iterate over each folio in a bio.
Parameters
fistruct folio_iterwhich is updated for each folio.biostruct bio to iterate over.
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struct bio *bio_next_split(struct bio *bio, int sectors, gfp_t gfp, struct bio_set *bs)¶
get next sectors from a bio, splitting if necessary
Parameters
struct bio *biobio to split
int sectorsnumber of sectors to split from the front of bio
gfp_t gfpgfp mask
struct bio_set *bsbio set to allocate from
Return
a bio representing the next sectors of bio - if the bio is smaller than sectors, returns the original bio unchanged.
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void blk_queue_flag_set(unsigned int flag, struct request_queue *q)¶
atomically set a queue flag
Parameters
unsigned int flagflag to be set
struct request_queue *qrequest queue
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void blk_queue_flag_clear(unsigned int flag, struct request_queue *q)¶
atomically clear a queue flag
Parameters
unsigned int flagflag to be cleared
struct request_queue *qrequest queue
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bool blk_queue_flag_test_and_set(unsigned int flag, struct request_queue *q)¶
atomically test and set a queue flag
Parameters
unsigned int flagflag to be set
struct request_queue *qrequest queue
Description
Returns the previous value of flag - 0 if the flag was not set and 1 if the flag was already set.
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const char *blk_op_str(enum req_op op)¶
Return string XXX in the REQ_OP_XXX.
Parameters
enum req_op opREQ_OP_XXX.
Description
Centralize block layer function to convert REQ_OP_XXX into string format. Useful in the debugging and tracing bio or request. For invalid REQ_OP_XXX it returns string “UNKNOWN”.
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void blk_sync_queue(struct request_queue *q)¶
cancel any pending callbacks on a queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe queue
Description
The block layer may perform asynchronous callback activity on a queue, such as calling the unplug function after a timeout. A block device may call blk_sync_queue to ensure that any such activity is cancelled, thus allowing it to release resources that the callbacks might use. The caller must already have made sure that its ->submit_bio will not re-add plugging prior to calling this function.
This function does not cancel any asynchronous activity arising out of elevator or throttling code. That would require elevator_exit() and blkcg_exit_queue() to be called with queue lock initialized.
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void blk_set_pm_only(struct request_queue *q)¶
increment pm_only counter
Parameters
struct request_queue *qrequest queue pointer
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void blk_put_queue(struct request_queue *q)¶
decrement the request_queue refcount
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request_queue structure to decrement the refcount for
Description
Decrements the refcount of the request_queue and free it when the refcount reaches 0.
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bool blk_get_queue(struct request_queue *q)¶
increment the request_queue refcount
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request_queue structure to increment the refcount for
Description
Increment the refcount of the request_queue kobject.
Context
Any context.
Parameters
struct bio *bioThe bio describing the location in memory and on the device.
Description
This is a version of submit_bio() that shall only be used for I/O that is
resubmitted to lower level drivers by stacking block drivers. All file
systems and other upper level users of the block layer should use
submit_bio() instead.
Parameters
struct bio *bioThe
struct biowhich describes the I/O
Description
submit_bio() is used to submit I/O requests to block devices. It is passed a
fully set up struct bio that describes the I/O that needs to be done. The
bio will be send to the device described by the bi_bdev field.
The success/failure status of the request, along with notification of completion, is delivered asynchronously through the ->bi_end_io() callback in bio. The bio must NOT be touched by the caller until ->bi_end_io() has been called.
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int bio_poll(struct bio *bio, struct io_comp_batch *iob, unsigned int flags)¶
poll for BIO completions
Parameters
struct bio *biobio to poll for
struct io_comp_batch *iobbatches of IO
unsigned int flagsBLK_POLL_* flags that control the behavior
Description
Poll for completions on queue associated with the bio. Returns number of completed entries found.
Note
the caller must either be the context that submitted bio, or be in a RCU critical section to prevent freeing of bio.
Parameters
struct bio *biobio to start account for
Description
Returns the start time that should be passed back to bio_end_io_acct().
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int blk_lld_busy(struct request_queue *q)¶
Check if underlying low-level drivers of a device are busy
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe queue of the device being checked
Description
Check if underlying low-level drivers of a device are busy. If the drivers want to export their busy state, they must set own exporting function using blk_queue_lld_busy() first.
Basically, this function is used only by request stacking drivers to stop dispatching requests to underlying devices when underlying devices are busy. This behavior helps more I/O merging on the queue of the request stacking driver and prevents I/O throughput regression on burst I/O load.
Return
0 - Not busy (The request stacking driver should dispatch request) 1 - Busy (The request stacking driver should stop dispatching request)
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void blk_start_plug(struct blk_plug *plug)¶
initialize blk_plug and track it inside the task_struct
Parameters
struct blk_plug *plugThe
struct blk_plugthat needs to be initialized
Description
blk_start_plug()indicates to the block layer an intent by the caller to submit multiple I/O requests in a batch. The block layer may use this hint to defer submitting I/Os from the caller untilblk_finish_plug()is called. However, the block layer may choose to submit requests before a call toblk_finish_plug()if the number of queued I/Os exceedsBLK_MAX_REQUEST_COUNT, or if the size of the I/O is larger thanBLK_PLUG_FLUSH_SIZE. The queued I/Os may also be submitted early if the task schedules (see below).Tracking blk_plug inside the task_struct will help with auto-flushing the pending I/O should the task end up blocking between
blk_start_plug()andblk_finish_plug(). This is important from a performance perspective, but also ensures that we don’t deadlock. For instance, if the task is blocking for a memory allocation, memory reclaim could end up wanting to free a page belonging to that request that is currently residing in our private plug. By flushing the pending I/O when the process goes to sleep, we avoid this kind of deadlock.
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void blk_finish_plug(struct blk_plug *plug)¶
mark the end of a batch of submitted I/O
Parameters
struct blk_plug *plugThe
struct blk_plugpassed toblk_start_plug()
Description
Indicate that a batch of I/O submissions is complete. This function
must be paired with an initial call to blk_start_plug(). The intent
is to allow the block layer to optimize I/O submission. See the
documentation for blk_start_plug() for more information.
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int blk_queue_enter(struct request_queue *q, blk_mq_req_flags_t flags)¶
try to increase q->q_usage_counter
Parameters
struct request_queue *qrequest queue pointer
blk_mq_req_flags_t flagsBLK_MQ_REQ_NOWAIT and/or BLK_MQ_REQ_PM
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int blk_rq_map_user_iov(struct request_queue *q, struct request *rq, struct rq_map_data *map_data, const struct iov_iter *iter, gfp_t gfp_mask)¶
map user data to a request, for passthrough requests
Parameters
struct request_queue *qrequest queue where request should be inserted
struct request *rqrequest to map data to
struct rq_map_data *map_datapointer to the rq_map_data holding pages (if necessary)
const struct iov_iter *iteriovec iterator
gfp_t gfp_maskmemory allocation flags
Description
Data will be mapped directly for zero copy I/O, if possible. Otherwise a kernel bounce buffer is used.
A matching
blk_rq_unmap_user()must be issued at the end of I/O, while still in process context.
Parameters
struct bio *biostart of bio list
Description
Unmap a rq previously mapped by blk_rq_map_user(). The caller must supply the original rq->bio from the blk_rq_map_user() return, since the I/O completion may have changed rq->bio.
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int blk_rq_map_kern(struct request_queue *q, struct request *rq, void *kbuf, unsigned int len, gfp_t gfp_mask)¶
map kernel data to a request, for passthrough requests
Parameters
struct request_queue *qrequest queue where request should be inserted
struct request *rqrequest to fill
void *kbufthe kernel buffer
unsigned int lenlength of user data
gfp_t gfp_maskmemory allocation flags
Description
Data will be mapped directly if possible. Otherwise a bounce buffer is used. Can be called multiple times to append multiple buffers.
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int blk_register_queue(struct gendisk *disk)¶
register a block layer queue with sysfs
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskDisk of which the request queue should be registered with sysfs.
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void blk_unregister_queue(struct gendisk *disk)¶
counterpart of
blk_register_queue()
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskDisk of which the request queue should be unregistered from sysfs.
Note
the caller is responsible for guaranteeing that this function is called
after blk_register_queue() has finished.
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void blk_set_stacking_limits(struct queue_limits *lim)¶
set default limits for stacking devices
Parameters
struct queue_limits *limthe queue_limits structure to reset
Description
Returns a queue_limit struct to its default state. Should be used by stacking drivers like DM that have no internal limits.
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void blk_queue_bounce_limit(struct request_queue *q, enum blk_bounce bounce)¶
set bounce buffer limit for queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
enum blk_bounce bouncebounce limit to enforce
Description
Force bouncing for ISA DMA ranges or highmem.
DEPRECATED, don’t use in new code.
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void blk_queue_max_hw_sectors(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int max_hw_sectors)¶
set max sectors for a request for this queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int max_hw_sectorsmax hardware sectors in the usual 512b unit
Description
Enables a low level driver to set a hard upper limit, max_hw_sectors, on the size of requests. max_hw_sectors is set by the device driver based upon the capabilities of the I/O controller.
max_dev_sectors is a hard limit imposed by the storage device for READ/WRITE requests. It is set by the disk driver.
max_sectors is a soft limit imposed by the block layer for filesystem type requests. This value can be overridden on a per-device basis in /sys/block/<device>/queue/max_sectors_kb. The soft limit can not exceed max_hw_sectors.
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void blk_queue_chunk_sectors(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int chunk_sectors)¶
set size of the chunk for this queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int chunk_sectorschunk sectors in the usual 512b unit
Description
If a driver doesn’t want IOs to cross a given chunk size, it can set this limit and prevent merging across chunks. Note that the block layer must accept a page worth of data at any offset. So if the crossing of chunks is a hard limitation in the driver, it must still be prepared to split single page bios.
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void blk_queue_max_discard_sectors(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int max_discard_sectors)¶
set max sectors for a single discard
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int max_discard_sectorsmaximum number of sectors to discard
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void blk_queue_max_secure_erase_sectors(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int max_sectors)¶
set max sectors for a secure erase
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int max_sectorsmaximum number of sectors to secure_erase
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void blk_queue_max_write_zeroes_sectors(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int max_write_zeroes_sectors)¶
set max sectors for a single write zeroes
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int max_write_zeroes_sectorsmaximum number of sectors to write per command
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void blk_queue_max_zone_append_sectors(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int max_zone_append_sectors)¶
set max sectors for a single zone append
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int max_zone_append_sectorsmaximum number of sectors to write per command
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void blk_queue_max_segments(struct request_queue *q, unsigned short max_segments)¶
set max hw segments for a request for this queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned short max_segmentsmax number of segments
Description
Enables a low level driver to set an upper limit on the number of hw data segments in a request.
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void blk_queue_max_discard_segments(struct request_queue *q, unsigned short max_segments)¶
set max segments for discard requests
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned short max_segmentsmax number of segments
Description
Enables a low level driver to set an upper limit on the number of segments in a discard request.
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void blk_queue_max_segment_size(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int max_size)¶
set max segment size for blk_rq_map_sg
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int max_sizemax size of segment in bytes
Description
Enables a low level driver to set an upper limit on the size of a coalesced segment
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void blk_queue_logical_block_size(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int size)¶
set logical block size for the queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int sizethe logical block size, in bytes
Description
This should be set to the lowest possible block size that the storage device can address. The default of 512 covers most hardware.
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void blk_queue_physical_block_size(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int size)¶
set physical block size for the queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int sizethe physical block size, in bytes
Description
This should be set to the lowest possible sector size that the hardware can operate on without reverting to read-modify-write operations.
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void blk_queue_zone_write_granularity(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int size)¶
set zone write granularity for the queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the zoned device
unsigned int sizethe zone write granularity size, in bytes
Description
This should be set to the lowest possible size allowing to write in sequential zones of a zoned block device.
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void blk_queue_alignment_offset(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int offset)¶
set physical block alignment offset
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int offsetalignment offset in bytes
Description
Some devices are naturally misaligned to compensate for things like the legacy DOS partition table 63-sector offset. Low-level drivers should call this function for devices whose first sector is not naturally aligned.
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void blk_limits_io_min(struct queue_limits *limits, unsigned int min)¶
set minimum request size for a device
Parameters
struct queue_limits *limitsthe queue limits
unsigned int minsmallest I/O size in bytes
Description
Some devices have an internal block size bigger than the reported hardware sector size. This function can be used to signal the smallest I/O the device can perform without incurring a performance penalty.
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void blk_queue_io_min(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int min)¶
set minimum request size for the queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int minsmallest I/O size in bytes
Description
Storage devices may report a granularity or preferred minimum I/O size which is the smallest request the device can perform without incurring a performance penalty. For disk drives this is often the physical block size. For RAID arrays it is often the stripe chunk size. A properly aligned multiple of minimum_io_size is the preferred request size for workloads where a high number of I/O operations is desired.
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void blk_limits_io_opt(struct queue_limits *limits, unsigned int opt)¶
set optimal request size for a device
Parameters
struct queue_limits *limitsthe queue limits
unsigned int optsmallest I/O size in bytes
Description
Storage devices may report an optimal I/O size, which is the device’s preferred unit for sustained I/O. This is rarely reported for disk drives. For RAID arrays it is usually the stripe width or the internal track size. A properly aligned multiple of optimal_io_size is the preferred request size for workloads where sustained throughput is desired.
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void blk_queue_io_opt(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int opt)¶
set optimal request size for the queue
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int optoptimal request size in bytes
Description
Storage devices may report an optimal I/O size, which is the device’s preferred unit for sustained I/O. This is rarely reported for disk drives. For RAID arrays it is usually the stripe width or the internal track size. A properly aligned multiple of optimal_io_size is the preferred request size for workloads where sustained throughput is desired.
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int blk_stack_limits(struct queue_limits *t, struct queue_limits *b, sector_t start)¶
adjust queue_limits for stacked devices
Parameters
struct queue_limits *tthe stacking driver limits (top device)
struct queue_limits *bthe underlying queue limits (bottom, component device)
sector_t startfirst data sector within component device
Description
This function is used by stacking drivers like MD and DM to ensure that all component devices have compatible block sizes and alignments. The stacking driver must provide a queue_limits struct (top) and then iteratively call the stacking function for all component (bottom) devices. The stacking function will attempt to combine the values and ensure proper alignment.
Returns 0 if the top and bottom queue_limits are compatible. The top device’s block sizes and alignment offsets may be adjusted to ensure alignment with the bottom device. If no compatible sizes and alignments exist, -1 is returned and the resulting top queue_limits will have the misaligned flag set to indicate that the alignment_offset is undefined.
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void disk_stack_limits(struct gendisk *disk, struct block_device *bdev, sector_t offset)¶
adjust queue limits for stacked drivers
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskMD/DM gendisk (top)
struct block_device *bdevthe underlying block device (bottom)
sector_t offsetoffset to beginning of data within component device
Description
Merges the limits for a top level gendisk and a bottom level block_device.
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void blk_queue_update_dma_pad(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int mask)¶
update pad mask
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int maskpad mask
Description
Update dma pad mask.
Appending pad buffer to a request modifies the last entry of a scatter list such that it includes the pad buffer.
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void blk_queue_segment_boundary(struct request_queue *q, unsigned long mask)¶
set boundary rules for segment merging
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned long maskthe memory boundary mask
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void blk_queue_virt_boundary(struct request_queue *q, unsigned long mask)¶
set boundary rules for bio merging
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned long maskthe memory boundary mask
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void blk_queue_dma_alignment(struct request_queue *q, int mask)¶
set dma length and memory alignment
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
int maskalignment mask
Description
set required memory and length alignment for direct dma transactions. this is used when building direct io requests for the queue.
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void blk_queue_update_dma_alignment(struct request_queue *q, int mask)¶
update dma length and memory alignment
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
int maskalignment mask
Description
update required memory and length alignment for direct dma transactions. If the requested alignment is larger than the current alignment, then the current queue alignment is updated to the new value, otherwise it is left alone. The design of this is to allow multiple objects (driver, device, transport etc) to set their respective alignments without having them interfere.
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void blk_set_queue_depth(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int depth)¶
tell the block layer about the device queue depth
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
unsigned int depthqueue depth
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void blk_queue_write_cache(struct request_queue *q, bool wc, bool fua)¶
configure queue’s write cache
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
bool wcwrite back cache on or off
bool fuadevice supports FUA writes, if true
Description
Tell the block layer about the write cache of q.
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void blk_queue_required_elevator_features(struct request_queue *q, unsigned int features)¶
Set a queue required elevator features
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the target device
unsigned int featuresRequired elevator features OR’ed together
Description
Tell the block layer that for the device controlled through q, only the only elevators that can be used are those that implement at least the set of features specified by features.
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bool blk_queue_can_use_dma_map_merging(struct request_queue *q, struct device *dev)¶
configure queue for merging segments.
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue for the device
struct device *devthe device pointer for dma
Description
Tell the block layer about merging the segments by dma map of q.
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void disk_set_zoned(struct gendisk *disk, enum blk_zoned_model model)¶
configure the zoned model for a disk
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskthe gendisk of the queue to configure
enum blk_zoned_model modelthe zoned model to set
Description
Set the zoned model of disk to model.
When model is BLK_ZONED_HM (host managed), this should be called only if zoned block device support is enabled (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ZONED option). If model specifies BLK_ZONED_HA (host aware), the effective model used depends on CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ZONED settings and on the existence of partitions on the disk.
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int blkdev_issue_flush(struct block_device *bdev)¶
queue a flush
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblockdev to issue flush for
Description
Issue a flush for the block device in question.
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int blkdev_issue_discard(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector, sector_t nr_sects, gfp_t gfp_mask)¶
queue a discard
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblockdev to issue discard for
sector_t sectorstart sector
sector_t nr_sectsnumber of sectors to discard
gfp_t gfp_maskmemory allocation flags (for bio_alloc)
Description
Issue a discard request for the sectors in question.
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int __blkdev_issue_zeroout(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector, sector_t nr_sects, gfp_t gfp_mask, struct bio **biop, unsigned flags)¶
generate number of zero filed write bios
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblockdev to issue
sector_t sectorstart sector
sector_t nr_sectsnumber of sectors to write
gfp_t gfp_maskmemory allocation flags (for bio_alloc)
struct bio **bioppointer to anchor bio
unsigned flagscontrols detailed behavior
Description
Zero-fill a block range, either using hardware offload or by explicitly writing zeroes to the device.
If a device is using logical block provisioning, the underlying space will not be released if
flagscontains BLKDEV_ZERO_NOUNMAP.If
flagscontains BLKDEV_ZERO_NOFALLBACK, the function will return -EOPNOTSUPP if no explicit hardware offload for zeroing is provided.
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int blkdev_issue_zeroout(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector, sector_t nr_sects, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned flags)¶
zero-fill a block range
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblockdev to write
sector_t sectorstart sector
sector_t nr_sectsnumber of sectors to write
gfp_t gfp_maskmemory allocation flags (for bio_alloc)
unsigned flagscontrols detailed behavior
Description
Zero-fill a block range, either using hardware offload or by explicitly writing zeroes to the device. See
__blkdev_issue_zeroout()for the valid values forflags.
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int blk_rq_count_integrity_sg(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio)¶
Count number of integrity scatterlist elements
Parameters
struct request_queue *qrequest queue
struct bio *biobio with integrity metadata attached
Description
Returns the number of elements required in a scatterlist corresponding to the integrity metadata in a bio.
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int blk_rq_map_integrity_sg(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio, struct scatterlist *sglist)¶
Map integrity metadata into a scatterlist
Parameters
struct request_queue *qrequest queue
struct bio *biobio with integrity metadata attached
struct scatterlist *sglisttarget scatterlist
Description
Map the integrity vectors in request into a
scatterlist. The scatterlist must be big enough to hold all
elements. I.e. sized using blk_rq_count_integrity_sg().
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int blk_integrity_compare(struct gendisk *gd1, struct gendisk *gd2)¶
Compare integrity profile of two disks
Parameters
struct gendisk *gd1Disk to compare
struct gendisk *gd2Disk to compare
Description
Meta-devices like DM and MD need to verify that all sub-devices use the same integrity format before advertising to upper layers that they can send/receive integrity metadata. This function can be used to check whether two gendisk devices have compatible integrity formats.
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void blk_integrity_register(struct gendisk *disk, struct blk_integrity *template)¶
Register a gendisk as being integrity-capable
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskstruct gendisk pointer to make integrity-aware
struct blk_integrity *templateblock integrity profile to register
Description
When a device needs to advertise itself as being able to send/receive integrity metadata it must use this function to register the capability with the block layer. The template is a blk_integrity struct with values appropriate for the underlying hardware. See Data Integrity.
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void blk_integrity_unregister(struct gendisk *disk)¶
Unregister block integrity profile
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskdisk whose integrity profile to unregister
Description
This function unregisters the integrity capability from a block device.
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int blk_trace_ioctl(struct block_device *bdev, unsigned cmd, char __user *arg)¶
handle the ioctls associated with tracing
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevthe block device
unsigned cmdthe ioctl cmd
char __user *argthe argument data, if any
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void blk_trace_shutdown(struct request_queue *q)¶
stop and cleanup trace structures
Parameters
struct request_queue *qthe request queue associated with the device
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void blk_add_trace_rq(struct request *rq, blk_status_t error, unsigned int nr_bytes, u32 what, u64 cgid)¶
Add a trace for a request oriented action
Parameters
struct request *rqthe source request
blk_status_t errorreturn status to log
unsigned int nr_bytesnumber of completed bytes
u32 whatthe action
u64 cgidthe cgroup info
Description
Records an action against a request. Will log the bio offset + size.
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void blk_add_trace_bio(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio, u32 what, int error)¶
Add a trace for a bio oriented action
Parameters
struct request_queue *qqueue the io is for
struct bio *biothe source bio
u32 whatthe action
int errorerror, if any
Description
Records an action against a bio. Will log the bio offset + size.
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void blk_add_trace_bio_remap(void *ignore, struct bio *bio, dev_t dev, sector_t from)¶
Add a trace for a bio-remap operation
Parameters
void *ignoretrace callback data parameter (not used)
struct bio *biothe source bio
dev_t devsource device
sector_t fromsource sector
Description
Called after a bio is remapped to a different device and/or sector.
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void blk_add_trace_rq_remap(void *ignore, struct request *rq, dev_t dev, sector_t from)¶
Add a trace for a request-remap operation
Parameters
void *ignoretrace callback data parameter (not used)
struct request *rqthe source request
dev_t devtarget device
sector_t fromsource sector
Description
Device mapper remaps request to other devices. Add a trace for that action.
Parameters
struct device *devthe device representing this disk
Description
This function releases all allocated resources of the gendisk.
Drivers which used __device_add_disk() have a gendisk with a request_queue
assigned. Since the request_queue sits on top of the gendisk for these
drivers we also call blk_put_queue() for them, and we expect the
request_queue refcount to reach 0 at this point, and so the request_queue
will also be freed prior to the disk.
Context
can sleep
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int __register_blkdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, void (*probe)(dev_t devt))¶
register a new block device
Parameters
unsigned int majorthe requested major device number [1..BLKDEV_MAJOR_MAX-1]. If major = 0, try to allocate any unused major number.
const char *namethe name of the new block device as a zero terminated string
void (*probe)(dev_t devt)pre-devtmpfs / pre-udev callback used to create disks when their pre-created device node is accessed. When a probe call uses add_disk() and it fails the driver must cleanup resources. This interface may soon be removed.
Description
The name must be unique within the system.
The return value depends on the major input parameter:
if a major device number was requested in range [1..BLKDEV_MAJOR_MAX-1] then the function returns zero on success, or a negative error code
if any unused major number was requested with major = 0 parameter then the return value is the allocated major number in range [1..BLKDEV_MAJOR_MAX-1] or a negative error code otherwise
See Linux allocated devices (4.x+ version) for the list of allocated major numbers.
Use register_blkdev instead for any new code.
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int device_add_disk(struct device *parent, struct gendisk *disk, const struct attribute_group **groups)¶
add disk information to kernel list
Parameters
struct device *parentparent device for the disk
struct gendisk *diskper-device partitioning information
const struct attribute_group **groupsAdditional per-device sysfs groups
Description
This function registers the partitioning information in disk with the kernel.
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void blk_mark_disk_dead(struct gendisk *disk)¶
mark a disk as dead
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskdisk to mark as dead
Description
Mark as disk as dead (e.g. surprise removed) and don’t accept any new I/O to this disk.
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void del_gendisk(struct gendisk *disk)¶
remove the gendisk
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskthe struct gendisk to remove
Description
Removes the gendisk and all its associated resources. This deletes the partitions associated with the gendisk, and unregisters the associated request_queue.
This is the counter to the respective __device_add_disk() call.
The final removal of the struct gendisk happens when its refcount reaches 0
with put_disk(), which should be called after del_gendisk(), if
__device_add_disk() was used.
Drivers exist which depend on the release of the gendisk to be synchronous, it should not be deferred.
Context
can sleep
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void invalidate_disk(struct gendisk *disk)¶
invalidate the disk
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskthe struct gendisk to invalidate
Description
A helper to invalidates the disk. It will clean the disk’s associated buffer/page caches and reset its internal states so that the disk can be reused by the drivers.
Context
can sleep
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void put_disk(struct gendisk *disk)¶
decrements the gendisk refcount
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskthe struct gendisk to decrement the refcount for
Description
This decrements the refcount for the struct gendisk. When this reaches 0
we’ll have disk_release() called.
Note
for blk-mq disk put_disk must be called before freeing the tag_set when handling probe errors (that is before add_disk() is called).
Context
Any context, but the last reference must not be dropped from atomic context.
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void set_disk_ro(struct gendisk *disk, bool read_only)¶
set a gendisk read-only
Parameters
struct gendisk *diskgendisk to operate on
bool read_onlytrueto set the disk read-only,falseset the disk read/write
Description
This function is used to indicate whether a given disk device should have its
read-only flag set. set_disk_ro() is typically used by device drivers to
indicate whether the underlying physical device is write-protected.
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int freeze_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)¶
lock a filesystem and force it into a consistent state
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblockdevice to lock
Description
If a superblock is found on this device, we take the s_umount semaphore
on it to make sure nobody unmounts until the snapshot creation is done.
The reference counter (bd_fsfreeze_count) guarantees that only the last
unfreeze process can unfreeze the frozen filesystem actually when multiple
freeze requests arrive simultaneously. It counts up in freeze_bdev() and
count down in thaw_bdev(). When it becomes 0, thaw_bdev() will unfreeze
actually.
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int thaw_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)¶
unlock filesystem
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblockdevice to unlock
Description
Unlocks the filesystem and marks it writeable again after freeze_bdev().
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int bd_prepare_to_claim(struct block_device *bdev, void *holder)¶
claim a block device
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblock device of interest
void *holderholder trying to claim bdev
Description
Claim bdev. This function fails if bdev is already claimed by another holder and waits if another claiming is in progress. return, the caller has ownership of bd_claiming and bd_holder[s].
Return
0 if bdev can be claimed, -EBUSY otherwise.
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void bd_abort_claiming(struct block_device *bdev, void *holder)¶
abort claiming of a block device
Parameters
struct block_device *bdevblock device of interest
void *holderholder that has claimed bdev
Description
Abort claiming of a block device when the exclusive open failed. This can be also used when exclusive open is not actually desired and we just needed to block other exclusive openers for a while.
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struct block_device *blkdev_get_by_dev(dev_t dev, fmode_t mode, void *holder)¶
open a block device by device number
Parameters
dev_t devdevice number of block device to open
fmode_t modeFMODE_* mask
void *holderexclusive holder identifier
Description
Open the block device described by device number dev. If mode includes
FMODE_EXCL, the block device is opened with exclusive access. Specifying
FMODE_EXCL with a NULL holder is invalid. Exclusive opens may nest for
the same holder.
Use this interface ONLY if you really do not have anything better - i.e. when
you are behind a truly sucky interface and all you are given is a device
number. Everything else should use blkdev_get_by_path().
Context
Might sleep.
Return
Reference to the block_device on success, ERR_PTR(-errno) on failure.
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struct block_device *blkdev_get_by_path(const char *path, fmode_t mode, void *holder)¶
open a block device by name
Parameters
const char *pathpath to the block device to open
fmode_t modeFMODE_* mask
void *holderexclusive holder identifier
Description
Open the block device described by the device file at path. If mode
includes FMODE_EXCL, the block device is opened with exclusive access.
Specifying FMODE_EXCL with a NULL holder is invalid. Exclusive opens may
nest for the same holder.
Context
Might sleep.
Return
Reference to the block_device on success, ERR_PTR(-errno) on failure.
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int lookup_bdev(const char *pathname, dev_t *dev)¶
Look up a struct block_device by name.
Parameters
const char *pathnameName of the block device in the filesystem.
dev_t *devPointer to the block device’s dev_t, if found.
Description
Lookup the block device’s dev_t at pathname in the current namespace if possible and return it in dev.
Context
May sleep.
Return
0 if succeeded, negative errno otherwise.
Char devices¶
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int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)¶
register a range of device numbers
Parameters
dev_t fromthe first in the desired range of device numbers; must include the major number.
unsigned countthe number of consecutive device numbers required
const char *namethe name of the device or driver.
Description
Return value is zero on success, a negative error code on failure.
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int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name)¶
register a range of char device numbers
Parameters
dev_t *devoutput parameter for first assigned number
unsigned baseminorfirst of the requested range of minor numbers
unsigned countthe number of minor numbers required
const char *namethe name of the associated device or driver
Description
Allocates a range of char device numbers. The major number will be chosen dynamically, and returned (along with the first minor number) in dev. Returns zero or a negative error code.
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int __register_chrdev(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor, unsigned int count, const char *name, const struct file_operations *fops)¶
create and register a cdev occupying a range of minors
Parameters
unsigned int majormajor device number or 0 for dynamic allocation
unsigned int baseminorfirst of the requested range of minor numbers
unsigned int countthe number of minor numbers required
const char *namename of this range of devices
const struct file_operations *fopsfile operations associated with this devices
Description
If major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return its number.
If major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve a device with the given major number and will return zero on success.
Returns a -ve errno on failure.
The name of this device has nothing to do with the name of the device in /dev. It only helps to keep track of the different owners of devices. If your module name has only one type of devices it’s ok to use e.g. the name of the module here.
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void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)¶
unregister a range of device numbers
Parameters
dev_t fromthe first in the range of numbers to unregister
unsigned countthe number of device numbers to unregister
Description
This function will unregister a range of count device numbers, starting with from. The caller should normally be the one who allocated those numbers in the first place…
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void __unregister_chrdev(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor, unsigned int count, const char *name)¶
unregister and destroy a cdev
Parameters
unsigned int majormajor device number
unsigned int baseminorfirst of the range of minor numbers
unsigned int countthe number of minor numbers this cdev is occupying
const char *namename of this range of devices
Description
Unregister and destroy the cdev occupying the region described by
major, baseminor and count. This function undoes what
__register_chrdev() did.
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int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count)¶
add a char device to the system
Parameters
struct cdev *pthe cdev structure for the device
dev_t devthe first device number for which this device is responsible
unsigned countthe number of consecutive minor numbers corresponding to this device
Description
cdev_add() adds the device represented by p to the system, making it
live immediately. A negative error code is returned on failure.
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void cdev_set_parent(struct cdev *p, struct kobject *kobj)¶
set the parent kobject for a char device
Parameters
struct cdev *pthe cdev structure
struct kobject *kobjthe kobject to take a reference to
Description
cdev_set_parent() sets a parent kobject which will be referenced
appropriately so the parent is not freed before the cdev. This
should be called before cdev_add.
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int cdev_device_add(struct cdev *cdev, struct device *dev)¶
add a char device and it’s corresponding
struct device, linkink
Parameters
struct cdev *cdevthe cdev structure
struct device *devthe device structure
Description
cdev_device_add() adds the char device represented by cdev to the system,
just as cdev_add does. It then adds dev to the system using device_add
The dev_t for the char device will be taken from the struct device which
needs to be initialized first. This helper function correctly takes a
reference to the parent device so the parent will not get released until
all references to the cdev are released.
This helper uses dev->devt for the device number. If it is not set it will not add the cdev and it will be equivalent to device_add.
This function should be used whenever the struct cdev and the
struct device are members of the same structure whose lifetime is
managed by the struct device.
NOTE
Callers must assume that userspace was able to open the cdev and can call cdev fops callbacks at any time, even if this function fails.
Parameters
struct cdev *cdevthe cdev structure
struct device *devthe device structure
Description
cdev_device_del() is a helper function to call cdev_del and device_del.
It should be used whenever cdev_device_add is used.
If dev->devt is not set it will not remove the cdev and will be equivalent to device_del.
NOTE
This guarantees that associated sysfs callbacks are not running or runnable, however any cdevs already open will remain and their fops will still be callable even after this function returns.
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void cdev_del(struct cdev *p)¶
remove a cdev from the system
Parameters
struct cdev *pthe cdev structure to be removed
Description
cdev_del() removes p from the system, possibly freeing the structure
itself.
NOTE
This guarantees that cdev device will no longer be able to be opened, however any cdevs already open will remain and their fops will still be callable even after cdev_del returns.
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struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void)¶
allocate a cdev structure
Parameters
voidno arguments
Description
Allocates and returns a cdev structure, or NULL on failure.
Parameters
struct cdev *cdevthe structure to initialize
const struct file_operations *fopsthe file_operations for this device
Description
Initializes cdev, remembering fops, making it ready to add to the
system with cdev_add().
Clock Framework¶
The clock framework defines programming interfaces to support software
management of the system clock tree. This framework is widely used with
System-On-Chip (SOC) platforms to support power management and various
devices which may need custom clock rates. Note that these “clocks”
don’t relate to timekeeping or real time clocks (RTCs), each of which
have separate frameworks. These struct clk
instances may be used to manage for example a 96 MHz signal that is used
to shift bits into and out of peripherals or busses, or otherwise
trigger synchronous state machine transitions in system hardware.
Power management is supported by explicit software clock gating: unused clocks are disabled, so the system doesn’t waste power changing the state of transistors that aren’t in active use. On some systems this may be backed by hardware clock gating, where clocks are gated without being disabled in software. Sections of chips that are powered but not clocked may be able to retain their last state. This low power state is often called a retention mode. This mode still incurs leakage currents, especially with finer circuit geometries, but for CMOS circuits power is mostly used by clocked state changes.
Power-aware drivers only enable their clocks when the device they manage is in active use. Also, system sleep states often differ according to which clock domains are active: while a “standby” state may allow wakeup from several active domains, a “mem” (suspend-to-RAM) state may require a more wholesale shutdown of clocks derived from higher speed PLLs and oscillators, limiting the number of possible wakeup event sources. A driver’s suspend method may need to be aware of system-specific clock constraints on the target sleep state.
Some platforms support programmable clock generators. These can be used by external chips of various kinds, such as other CPUs, multimedia codecs, and devices with strict requirements for interface clocking.
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struct clk_notifier¶
associate a clk with a notifier
Definition:
struct clk_notifier {
struct clk *clk;
struct srcu_notifier_head notifier_head;
struct list_head node;
};
Members
clkstruct clk * to associate the notifier with
notifier_heada blocking_notifier_head for this clk
nodelinked list pointers
Description
A list of struct clk_notifier is maintained by the notifier code.
An entry is created whenever code registers the first notifier on a
particular clk. Future notifiers on that clk are added to the
notifier_head.
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struct clk_notifier_data¶
rate data to pass to the notifier callback
Definition:
struct clk_notifier_data {
struct clk *clk;
unsigned long old_rate;
unsigned long new_rate;
};
Members
clkstruct clk * being changed
old_rateprevious rate of this clk
new_ratenew rate of this clk
Description
For a pre-notifier, old_rate is the clk’s rate before this rate change, and new_rate is what the rate will be in the future. For a post-notifier, old_rate and new_rate are both set to the clk’s current rate (this was done to optimize the implementation).
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struct clk_bulk_data¶
Data used for bulk clk operations.
Definition:
struct clk_bulk_data {
const char *id;
struct clk *clk;
};
Members
idclock consumer ID
clkstruct clk * to store the associated clock
Description
The CLK APIs provide a series of clk_bulk_() API calls as a convenience to consumers which require multiple clks. This structure is used to manage data for these calls.
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int clk_notifier_register(struct clk *clk, struct notifier_block *nb)¶
register a clock rate-change notifier callback
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock whose rate we are interested in
struct notifier_block *nbnotifier block with callback function pointer
Description
ProTip: debugging across notifier chains can be frustrating. Make sure that your notifier callback function prints a nice big warning in case of failure.
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int clk_notifier_unregister(struct clk *clk, struct notifier_block *nb)¶
unregister a clock rate-change notifier callback
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock whose rate we are no longer interested in
struct notifier_block *nbnotifier block which will be unregistered
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int devm_clk_notifier_register(struct device *dev, struct clk *clk, struct notifier_block *nb)¶
register a managed rate-change notifier callback
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for clock “consumer”
struct clk *clkclock whose rate we are interested in
struct notifier_block *nbnotifier block with callback function pointer
Description
Returns 0 on success, -EERROR otherwise
-
long clk_get_accuracy(struct clk *clk)¶
obtain the clock accuracy in ppb (parts per billion) for a clock source.
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock source
Description
This gets the clock source accuracy expressed in ppb. A perfect clock returns 0.
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock signal source
int degreesnumber of degrees the signal is shifted
Description
Shifts the phase of a clock signal by the specified degrees. Returns 0 on success, -EERROR otherwise.
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock signal source
Description
Returns the phase shift of a clock node in degrees, otherwise returns -EERROR.
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int clk_set_duty_cycle(struct clk *clk, unsigned int num, unsigned int den)¶
adjust the duty cycle ratio of a clock signal
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock signal source
unsigned int numnumerator of the duty cycle ratio to be applied
unsigned int dendenominator of the duty cycle ratio to be applied
Description
Adjust the duty cycle of a clock signal by the specified ratio. Returns 0 on success, -EERROR otherwise.
-
int clk_get_scaled_duty_cycle(struct clk *clk, unsigned int scale)¶
return the duty cycle ratio of a clock signal
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock signal source
unsigned int scalescaling factor to be applied to represent the ratio as an integer
Description
Returns the duty cycle ratio multiplied by the scale provided, otherwise returns -EERROR.
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bool clk_is_match(const struct clk *p, const struct clk *q)¶
check if two clk’s point to the same hardware clock
Parameters
const struct clk *pclk compared against q
const struct clk *qclk compared against p
Description
Returns true if the two struct clk pointers both point to the same hardware
clock node. Put differently, returns true if p and q
share the same struct clk_core object.
Returns false otherwise. Note that two NULL clks are treated as matching.
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock source
Description
This prepares the clock source for use.
Must not be called from within atomic context.
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock source
Description
Returns true if clk_prepare() implicitly enables the clock, effectively
making clk_enable()/clk_disable() no-ops, false otherwise.
This is of interest mainly to the power management code where actually disabling the clock also requires unpreparing it to have any material effect.
Regardless of the value returned here, the caller must always invoke
clk_enable() or clk_prepare_enable() and counterparts for usage counts
to be right.
Parameters
struct clk *clkclock source
Description
This undoes a previously prepared clock. The caller must balance the number of prepare and unprepare calls.
Must not be called from within atomic context.
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struct clk *clk_get(struct device *dev, const char *id)¶
lookup and obtain a reference to a clock producer.
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for clock “consumer”
const char *idclock consumer ID
Description
Returns a struct clk corresponding to the clock producer, or valid IS_ERR() condition containing errno. The implementation uses dev and id to determine the clock consumer, and thereby the clock producer. (IOW, id may be identical strings, but clk_get may return different clock producers depending on dev.)
Drivers must assume that the clock source is not enabled.
clk_get should not be called from within interrupt context.
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int clk_bulk_get(struct device *dev, int num_clks, struct clk_bulk_data *clks)¶
lookup and obtain a number of references to clock producer.
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for clock “consumer”
int num_clksthe number of clk_bulk_data
struct clk_bulk_data *clksthe clk_bulk_data table of consumer
Description
This helper function allows drivers to get several clk consumers in one operation. If any of the clk cannot be acquired then any clks that were obtained will be freed before returning to the caller.
Returns 0 if all clocks specified in clk_bulk_data table are obtained successfully, or valid IS_ERR() condition containing errno. The implementation uses dev and clk_bulk_data.id to determine the clock consumer, and thereby the clock producer. The clock returned is stored in each clk_bulk_data.clk field.
Drivers must assume that the clock source is not enabled.
clk_bulk_get should not be called from within interrupt context.
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int clk_bulk_get_all(struct device *dev, struct clk_bulk_data **clks)¶
lookup and obtain all available references to clock producer.
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for clock “consumer”
struct clk_bulk_data **clkspointer to the clk_bulk_data table of consumer
Description
This helper function allows drivers to get all clk consumers in one operation. If any of the clk cannot be acquired then any clks that were obtained will be freed before returning to the caller.
Returns a positive value for the number of clocks obtained while the clock references are stored in the clk_bulk_data table in clks field. Returns 0 if there’re none and a negative value if something failed.
Drivers must assume that the clock source is not enabled.
clk_bulk_get should not be called from within interrupt context.
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int clk_bulk_get_optional(struct device *dev, int num_clks, struct clk_bulk_data *clks)¶
lookup and obtain a number of references to clock producer
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for clock “consumer”
int num_clksthe number of clk_bulk_data
struct clk_bulk_data *clksthe clk_bulk_data table of consumer
Description
Behaves the same as clk_bulk_get() except where there is no clock producer.
In this case, instead of returning -ENOENT, the function returns 0 and
NULL for a clk for which a clock producer could not be determined.
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int devm_clk_bulk_get(struct device *dev, int num_clks, struct clk_bulk_data *clks)¶
managed get multiple clk consumers
Parameters
struct device *devdevice for clock “consumer”
int num_clksthe number of clk_bulk_data
struct clk_bulk_data *clksthe clk_bulk_data table of consumer
Description
Return 0 on success, an errno on failure.
This helper function allows drivers to get several clk consumers in one operation with management, the clks will automatically be freed when the device is unbound.
- int devm_clk_bulk_get_optional(struct device