1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 10.2.0" />
<title>My First Contribution to the Git Project</title>
<style type="text/css">
/* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
/* Default font. */
body {
font-family: Georgia,serif;
}
/* Title font. */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
div.title, caption.title,
thead, p.table.header,
#toctitle,
#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
#footer {
font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
}
body {
margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
}
a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited {
color: fuchsia;
}
em {
font-style: italic;
color: navy;
}
strong {
font-weight: bold;
color: #083194;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
color: #527bbd;
margin-top: 1.2em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
line-height: 1.3;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
h2 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
}
h3 {
float: left;
}
h3 + * {
clear: left;
}
h5 {
font-size: 1.0em;
}
div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 0;
}
hr {
border: 1px solid silver;
}
p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
ul, ol, li > p {
margin-top: 0;
}
ul > li { color: #aaa; }
ul > li > * { color: black; }
.monospaced, code, pre {
font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
font-size: inherit;
color: navy;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
pre {
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
#author {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1.1em;
}
#email {
}
#revnumber, #revdate, #revremark {
}
#footer {
font-size: small;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
padding-top: 0.5em;
margin-top: 4.0em;
}
#footer-text {
float: left;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#footer-badges {
float: right;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#preamble {
margin-top: 1.5em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 2.0em;
margin-bottom: 2.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
color: #606060;
}
div.content { /* Block element content. */
padding: 0;
}
/* Block element titles. */
div.title, caption.title {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: left;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.title + * {
margin-top: 0;
}
td div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content + div.title {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.sidebarblock > div.content {
background: #ffffee;
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 4px solid #f0f0f0;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.listingblock > div.content {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
background: #f8f8f8;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
padding-left: 1.0em;
margin-left: 1.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
color: #888;
}
div.quoteblock > div.attribution {
padding-top: 0.5em;
text-align: right;
}
div.verseblock > pre.content {
font-family: inherit;
font-size: inherit;
}
div.verseblock > div.attribution {
padding-top: 0.75em;
text-align: left;
}
/* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
div.verseblock + div.attribution {
text-align: left;
}
div.admonitionblock .icon {
vertical-align: top;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: underline;
color: #527bbd;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock td.content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
}
div.exampleblock > div.content {
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
span.image img { border-style: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; }
a.image:visited { color: white; }
dl {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
dt {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0;
font-style: normal;
color: navy;
}
dd > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0.1em;
}
ul, ol {
list-style-position: outside;
}
ol.arabic {
list-style-type: decimal;
}
ol.loweralpha {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
ol.upperalpha {
list-style-type: upper-alpha;
}
ol.lowerroman {
list-style-type: lower-roman;
}
ol.upperroman {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
div.compact p, div.compact p,
div.compact div, div.compact div {
margin-top: 0.1em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
tfoot {
font-weight: bold;
}
td > div.verse {
white-space: pre;
}
div.hdlist {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
div.hdlist tr {
padding-bottom: 15px;
}
dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
td.hdlist1 {
vertical-align: top;
font-style: normal;
padding-right: 0.8em;
color: navy;
}
td.hdlist2 {
vertical-align: top;
}
div.hdlist.compact tr {
margin: 0;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.comment {
background: yellow;
}
.footnote, .footnoteref {
font-size: 0.8em;
}
span.footnote, span.footnoteref {
vertical-align: super;
}
#footnotes {
margin: 20px 0 20px 0;
padding: 7px 0 0 0;
}
#footnotes div.footnote {
margin: 0 0 5px 0;
}
#footnotes hr {
border: none;
border-top: 1px solid silver;
height: 1px;
text-align: left;
margin-left: 0;
width: 20%;
min-width: 100px;
}
div.colist td {
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.3em;
vertical-align: top;
}
div.colist td img {
margin-top: 0.3em;
}
@media print {
#footer-badges { display: none; }
}
#toc {
margin-bottom: 2.5em;
}
#toctitle {
color: #527bbd;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
div.toclevel0, div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
div.toclevel2 {
margin-left: 2em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel3 {
margin-left: 4em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel4 {
margin-left: 6em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
span.aqua { color: aqua; }
span.black { color: black; }
span.blue { color: blue; }
span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }
span.gray { color: gray; }
span.green { color: green; }
span.lime { color: lime; }
span.maroon { color: maroon; }
span.navy { color: navy; }
span.olive { color: olive; }
span.purple { color: purple; }
span.red { color: red; }
span.silver { color: silver; }
span.teal { color: teal; }
span.white { color: white; }
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }
span.black-background { background: black; }
span.blue-background { background: blue; }
span.fuchsia-background { background: fuchsia; }
span.gray-background { background: gray; }
span.green-background { background: green; }
span.lime-background { background: lime; }
span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }
span.navy-background { background: navy; }
span.olive-background { background: olive; }
span.purple-background { background: purple; }
span.red-background { background: red; }
span.silver-background { background: silver; }
span.teal-background { background: teal; }
span.white-background { background: white; }
span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }
span.big { font-size: 2em; }
span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }
span.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
span.overline { text-decoration: overline; }
span.line-through { text-decoration: line-through; }
div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; }
/*
* xhtml11 specific
*
* */
div.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.tableblock > table {
border: 3px solid #527bbd;
}
thead, p.table.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.table {
margin-top: 0;
}
/* Because the table frame attribute is overridden by CSS in most browsers. */
div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
border-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
border-left-style: none;
border-right-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
border-top-style: none;
border-bottom-style: none;
}
/*
* html5 specific
*
* */
table.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
thead, p.tableblock.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.tableblock {
margin-top: 0;
}
table.tableblock {
border-width: 3px;
border-spacing: 0px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th.tableblock, td.tableblock {
border-width: 1px;
padding: 4px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
}
table.tableblock.frame-topbot {
border-left-style: hidden;
border-right-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-sides {
border-top-style: hidden;
border-bottom-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-none {
border-style: hidden;
}
th.tableblock.halign-left, td.tableblock.halign-left {
text-align: left;
}
th.tableblock.halign-center, td.tableblock.halign-center {
text-align: center;
}
th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {
text-align: right;
}
th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {
vertical-align: top;
}
th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {
vertical-align: middle;
}
th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
vertical-align: bottom;
}
/*
* manpage specific
*
* */
body.manpage h1 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
body.manpage h2 {
border-style: none;
}
body.manpage div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 3em;
}
@media print {
body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<+'])');
// Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
// nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
// browsers).
var iterate = function (el) {
for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
}
iterate(i);
}
}
}
iterate(el);
return result;
}
var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
if (!toc) {
return;
}
// Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
var i;
for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
&& entry.getAttribute("class")
&& entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
}
for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
}
// Rebuild TOC entries.
var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
var entry = entries[i];
if (entry.element.id == "")
entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
var a = document.createElement("a");
a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
var div = document.createElement("div");
div.appendChild(a);
div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
toc.appendChild(div);
}
if (entries.length == 0)
toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
},
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Footnotes generator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* Based on footnote generation code from:
* http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
*/
footnotes: function () {
// Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
var i;
var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
if (!noteholder) {
return;
}
var entriesToRemove = [];
for (i = 0; i < noteholder.childNodes.length; i++) {
var entry = noteholder.childNodes[i];
if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
entriesToRemove.push(entry);
}
for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
noteholder.removeChild(entriesToRemove[i]);
}
// Rebuild footnote entries.
var cont = document.getElementById("content");
var spans = cont.getElementsByTagName("span");
var refs = {};
var n = 0;
for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
if (spans[i].className == "footnote") {
n++;
var note = spans[i].getAttribute("data-note");
if (!note) {
// Use [\s\S] in place of . so multi-line matches work.
// Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
spans[i].innerHTML =
"[<a id='_footnoteref_" + n + "' href='#_footnote_" + n +
"' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
spans[i].setAttribute("data-note", note);
}
noteholder.innerHTML +=
"<div class='footnote' id='_footnote_" + n + "'>" +
"<a href='#_footnoteref_" + n + "' title='Return to text'>" +
n + "</a>. " + note + "</div>";
var id =spans[i].getAttribute("id");
if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
}
}
if (n == 0)
noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
else {
// Process footnoterefs.
for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
var href = spans[i].getElementsByTagName("a")[0].getAttribute("href");
href = href.match(/#.*/)[0]; // Because IE return full URL.
n = refs[href];
spans[i].innerHTML =
"[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
"' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
}
}
}
},
install: function(toclevels) {
var timerId;
function reinstall() {
asciidoc.footnotes();
if (toclevels) {
asciidoc.toc(toclevels);
}
}
function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
clearInterval(timerId);
reinstall();
}
timerId = setInterval(reinstall, 500);
if (document.addEventListener)
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", reinstallAndRemoveTimer, false);
else
window.onload = reinstallAndRemoveTimer;
}
}
asciidoc.install();
/*]]>*/
</script>
</head>
<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>My First Contribution to the Git Project</h1>
<span id="revdate">2024-05-13</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is a tutorial demonstrating the end-to-end workflow of creating a change to
the Git tree, sending it for review, and making changes based on comments.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This tutorial assumes you’re already fairly familiar with using Git to manage
source code. The Git workflow steps will largely remain unexplained.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="related-reading">Related Reading</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This tutorial aims to summarize the following documents, but the reader may find
useful additional context:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<code>Documentation/SubmittingPatches</code>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>Documentation/howto/new-command.txt</code>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="getting-help">Getting Help</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you get stuck, you can seek help in the following places.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_a_href_mailto_git_vger_kernel_org_git_vger_kernel_org_a"><a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a></h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is the main Git project mailing list where code reviews, version
announcements, design discussions, and more take place. Those interested in
contributing are welcome to post questions here. The Git list requires
plain-text-only emails and prefers inline and bottom-posting when replying to
mail; you will be CC’d in all replies to you. Optionally, you can subscribe to
the list by sending an email to <git+<a href="mailto:subscribe@vger.kernel.org">subscribe@vger.kernel.org</a>>
(see <a href="https://subspace.kernel.org/subscribing.html">https://subspace.kernel.org/subscribing.html</a> for details).
The <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">archive</a> of this mailing list is
available to view in a browser.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_a_href_https_groups_google_com_forum_forum_git_mentoring_git_mentoring_googlegroups_com_a"><a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/git-mentoring">git-mentoring@googlegroups.com</a></h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This mailing list is targeted to new contributors and was created as a place to
post questions and receive answers outside of the public eye of the main list.
Veteran contributors who are especially interested in helping mentor newcomers
are present on the list. In order to avoid search indexers, group membership is
required to view messages; anyone can join and no approval is required.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_a_href_https_web_libera_chat_git_devel_git_devel_a_on_libera_chat"><a href="https://web.libera.chat/#git-devel">#git-devel</a> on Libera Chat</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This IRC channel is for conversations between Git contributors. If someone is
currently online and knows the answer to your question, you can receive help
in real time. Otherwise, you can read the
<a href="https://colabti.org/irclogger/irclogger_logs/git-devel">scrollback</a> to see
whether someone answered you. IRC does not allow offline private messaging, so
if you try to private message someone and then log out of IRC, they cannot
respond to you. It’s better to ask your questions in the channel so that you
can be answered if you disconnect and so that others can learn from the
conversation.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="getting-started">Getting Started</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="cloning">Clone the Git Repository</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Git is mirrored in a number of locations. Clone the repository from one of them;
<a href="https://git-scm.com/downloads">https://git-scm.com/downloads</a> suggests one of the best places to clone from is
the mirror on GitHub.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git clone https://github.com/git/git git
$ cd git</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="dependencies">Installing Dependencies</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To build Git from source, you need to have a handful of dependencies installed
on your system. For a hint of what’s needed, you can take a look at
<code>INSTALL</code>, paying close attention to the section about Git’s dependencies on
external programs and libraries. That document mentions a way to "test-drive"
our freshly built Git without installing; that’s the method we’ll be using in
this tutorial.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Make sure that your environment has everything you need by building your brand
new clone of Git from the above step:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ make</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">The Git build is parallelizable. <code>-j#</code> is not included above but you can
use it as you prefer, here and elsewhere.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="identify-problem">Identify Problem to Solve</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In this tutorial, we will add a new command, <code>git psuh</code>, short for “Pony Saying
‘Um, Hello”’ - a feature which has gone unimplemented despite a high frequency
of invocation during users' typical daily workflow.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>(We’ve seen some other effort in this space with the implementation of popular
commands such as <code>sl</code>.)</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="setup-workspace">Set Up Your Workspace</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s start by making a development branch to work on our changes. Per
<code>Documentation/SubmittingPatches</code>, since a brand new command is a new feature,
it’s fine to base your work on <code>master</code>. However, in the future for bugfixes,
etc., you should check that document and base it on the appropriate branch.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For the purposes of this document, we will base all our work on the <code>master</code>
branch of the upstream project. Create the <code>psuh</code> branch you will use for
development like so:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git checkout -b psuh origin/master</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We’ll make a number of commits here in order to demonstrate how to send a topic
with multiple patches up for review simultaneously.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="code-it-up">Code It Up!</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">A reference implementation can be found at
<a href="https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/psuh">https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/psuh</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="add-new-command">Adding a New Command</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Lots of the subcommands are written as builtins, which means they are
implemented in C and compiled into the main <code>git</code> executable. Implementing the
very simple <code>psuh</code> command as a built-in will demonstrate the structure of the
codebase, the internal API, and the process of working together as a contributor
with the reviewers and maintainer to integrate this change into the system.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Built-in subcommands are typically implemented in a function named "cmd_"
followed by the name of the subcommand, in a source file named after the
subcommand and contained within <code>builtin/</code>. So it makes sense to implement your
command in <code>builtin/psuh.c</code>. Create that file, and within it, write the entry
point for your command in a function matching the style and signature:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We’ll also need to add the declaration of psuh; open up <code>builtin.h</code>, find the
declaration for <code>cmd_pull</code>, and add a new line for <code>psuh</code> immediately before it,
in order to keep the declarations alphabetically sorted:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Be sure to <code>#include "builtin.h"</code> in your <code>psuh.c</code>. You’ll also need to
<code>#include "gettext.h"</code> to use functions related to printing output text.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Go ahead and add some throwaway printf to the <code>cmd_psuh</code> function. This is a
decent starting point as we can now add build rules and register the command.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">Your throwaway text, as well as much of the text you will be adding over
the course of this tutorial, is user-facing. That means it needs to be
localizable. Take a look at <code>po/README</code> under "Marking strings for translation".
Throughout the tutorial, we will mark strings for translation as necessary; you
should also do so when writing your user-facing commands in the future.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
printf(_("Pony saying hello goes here.\n"));
return 0;
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s try to build it. Open <code>Makefile</code>, find where <code>builtin/pull.o</code> is added
to <code>BUILTIN_OBJS</code>, and add <code>builtin/psuh.o</code> in the same way next to it in
alphabetical order. Once you’ve done so, move to the top-level directory and
build simply with <code>make</code>. Also add the <code>DEVELOPER=1</code> variable to turn on
some additional warnings:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ echo DEVELOPER=1 >config.mak
$ make</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">When you are developing the Git project, it’s preferred that you use the
<code>DEVELOPER</code> flag; if there’s some reason it doesn’t work for you, you can turn
it off, but it’s a good idea to mention the problem to the mailing list.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Great, now your new command builds happily on its own. But nobody invokes it.
Let’s change that.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The list of commands lives in <code>git.c</code>. We can register a new command by adding
a <code>cmd_struct</code> to the <code>commands[]</code> array. <code>struct cmd_struct</code> takes a string
with the command name, a function pointer to the command implementation, and a
setup option flag. For now, let’s keep mimicking <code>push</code>. Find the line where
<code>cmd_push</code> is registered, copy it, and modify it for <code>cmd_psuh</code>, placing the new
line in alphabetical order (immediately before <code>cmd_pull</code>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The options are documented in <code>builtin.h</code> under "Adding a new built-in." Since
we hope to print some data about the user’s current workspace context later,
we need a Git directory, so choose <code>RUN_SETUP</code> as your only option.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Go ahead and build again. You should see a clean build, so let’s kick the tires
and see if it works. There’s a binary you can use to test with in the
<code>bin-wrappers</code> directory.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ ./bin-wrappers/git psuh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Check it out! You’ve got a command! Nice work! Let’s commit this.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>git status</code> reveals modified <code>Makefile</code>, <code>builtin.h</code>, and <code>git.c</code> as well as
untracked <code>builtin/psuh.c</code> and <code>git-psuh</code>. First, let’s take care of the binary,
which should be ignored. Open <code>.gitignore</code> in your editor, find <code>/git-pull</code>, and
add an entry for your new command in alphabetical order:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>...
/git-prune-packed
/git-psuh
/git-pull
/git-push
/git-quiltimport
/git-range-diff
...</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Checking <code>git status</code> again should show that <code>git-psuh</code> has been removed from
the untracked list and <code>.gitignore</code> has been added to the modified list. Now we
can stage and commit:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git add Makefile builtin.h builtin/psuh.c git.c .gitignore
$ git commit -s</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You will be presented with your editor in order to write a commit message. Start
the commit with a 50-column or less subject line, including the name of the
component you’re working on, followed by a blank line (always required) and then
the body of your commit message, which should provide the bulk of the context.
Remember to be explicit and provide the "Why" of your change, especially if it
couldn’t easily be understood from your diff. When editing your commit message,
don’t remove the <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer which was added by <code>-s</code> above.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>psuh: add a built-in by popular demand
Internal metrics indicate this is a command many users expect to be
present. So here's an implementation to help drive customer
satisfaction and engagement: a pony which doubtfully greets the user,
or, a Pony Saying "Um, Hello" (PSUH).
This commit message is intentionally formatted to 72 columns per line,
starts with a single line as "commit message subject" that is written as
if to command the codebase to do something (add this, teach a command
that). The body of the message is designed to add information about the
commit that is not readily deduced from reading the associated diff,
such as answering the question "why?".
Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Go ahead and inspect your new commit with <code>git show</code>. "psuh:" indicates you
have modified mainly the <code>psuh</code> command. The subject line gives readers an idea
of what you’ve changed. The sign-off line (<code>-s</code>) indicates that you agree to
the Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1 (see the
<code>Documentation/SubmittingPatches</code> [[dco]] header).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For the remainder of the tutorial, the subject line only will be listed for the
sake of brevity. However, fully-fleshed example commit messages are available
on the reference implementation linked at the top of this document.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="implementation">Implementation</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s probably useful to do at least something besides printing out a string.
Let’s start by having a look at everything we get.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Modify your <code>cmd_psuh</code> implementation to dump the args you’re passed, keeping
existing <code>printf()</code> calls in place:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> int i;
...
printf(Q_("Your args (there is %d):\n",
"Your args (there are %d):\n",
argc),
argc);
for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
printf("%d: %s\n", i, argv[i]);
printf(_("Your current working directory:\n<top-level>%s%s\n"),
prefix ? "/" : "", prefix ? prefix : "");</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Build and try it. As you may expect, there’s pretty much just whatever we give
on the command line, including the name of our command. (If <code>prefix</code> is empty
for you, try <code>cd Documentation/ && ../bin-wrappers/git psuh</code>). That’s not so
helpful. So what other context can we get?</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a line to <code>#include "config.h"</code>. Then, add the following bits to the
function body:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> const char *cfg_name;
...
git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
if (git_config_get_string_tmp("user.name", &cfg_name) > 0)
printf(_("No name is found in config\n"));
else
printf(_("Your name: %s\n"), cfg_name);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>git_config()</code> will grab the configuration from config files known to Git and
apply standard precedence rules. <code>git_config_get_string_tmp()</code> will look up
a specific key ("user.name") and give you the value. There are a number of
single-key lookup functions like this one; you can see them all (and more info
about how to use <code>git_config()</code>) in <code>Documentation/technical/api-config.txt</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You should see that the name printed matches the one you see when you run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git config --get user.name</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Great! Now we know how to check for values in the Git config. Let’s commit this
too, so we don’t lose our progress.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git add builtin/psuh.c
$ git commit -sm "psuh: show parameters & config opts"</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">Again, the above is for sake of brevity in this tutorial. In a real change
you should not use <code>-m</code> but instead use the editor to write a meaningful
message.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Still, it’d be nice to know what the user’s working context is like. Let’s see
if we can print the name of the user’s current branch. We can mimic the
<code>git status</code> implementation; the printer is located in <code>wt-status.c</code> and we can
see that the branch is held in a <code>struct wt_status</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>wt_status_print()</code> gets invoked by <code>cmd_status()</code> in <code>builtin/commit.c</code>.
Looking at that implementation we see the status config being populated like so:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>status_init_config(&s, git_status_config);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But as we drill down, we can find that <code>status_init_config()</code> wraps a call
to <code>git_config()</code>. Let’s modify the code we wrote in the previous commit.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Be sure to include the header to allow you to use <code>struct wt_status</code>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>#include "wt-status.h"</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then modify your <code>cmd_psuh</code> implementation to declare your <code>struct wt_status</code>,
prepare it, and print its contents:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> struct wt_status status;
...
wt_status_prepare(the_repository, &status);
git_config(git_default_config, &status);
...
printf(_("Your current branch: %s\n"), status.branch);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Run it again. Check it out - here’s the (verbose) name of your current branch!</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s commit this as well.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git add builtin/psuh.c
$ git commit -sm "psuh: print the current branch"</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now let’s see if we can get some info about a specific commit.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Luckily, there are some helpers for us here. <code>commit.h</code> has a function called
<code>lookup_commit_reference_by_name</code> to which we can simply provide a hardcoded
string; <code>pretty.h</code> has an extremely handy <code>pp_commit_easy()</code> call which doesn’t
require a full format object to be passed.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add the following includes:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>#include "commit.h"
#include "pretty.h"</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then, add the following lines within your implementation of <code>cmd_psuh()</code> near
the declarations and the logic, respectively.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> struct commit *c = NULL;
struct strbuf commitline = STRBUF_INIT;
...
c = lookup_commit_reference_by_name("origin/master");
if (c != NULL) {
pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, c, &commitline);
printf(_("Current commit: %s\n"), commitline.buf);
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>struct strbuf</code> provides some safety belts to your basic <code>char*</code>, one of
which is a length member to prevent buffer overruns. It needs to be initialized
nicely with <code>STRBUF_INIT</code>. Keep it in mind when you need to pass around <code>char*</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>lookup_commit_reference_by_name</code> resolves the name you pass it, so you can play
with the value there and see what kind of things you can come up with.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>pp_commit_easy</code> is a convenience wrapper in <code>pretty.h</code> that takes a single
format enum shorthand, rather than an entire format struct. It then
pretty-prints the commit according to that shorthand. These are similar to the
formats available with <code>--pretty=FOO</code> in many Git commands.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Build it and run, and if you’re using the same name in the example, you should
see the subject line of the most recent commit in <code>origin/master</code> that you know
about. Neat! Let’s commit that as well.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git add builtin/psuh.c
$ git commit -sm "psuh: display the top of origin/master"</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="add-documentation">Adding Documentation</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Awesome! You’ve got a fantastic new command that you’re ready to share with the
community. But hang on just a minute - this isn’t very user-friendly. Run the
following:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ ./bin-wrappers/git help psuh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Your new command is undocumented! Let’s fix that.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Take a look at <code>Documentation/git-*.txt</code>. These are the manpages for the
subcommands that Git knows about. You can open these up and take a look to get
acquainted with the format, but then go ahead and make a new file
<code>Documentation/git-psuh.txt</code>. Like with most of the documentation in the Git
project, help pages are written with AsciiDoc (see CodingGuidelines, "Writing
Documentation" section). Use the following template to fill out your own
manpage:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>git-psuh(1)
===========
NAME
----
git-psuh - Delight users' typo with a shy horse
SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
'git-psuh [<arg>...]'
DESCRIPTION
-----------
...
OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]]
------------------
...
OUTPUT
------
...
GIT
---
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The most important pieces of this to note are the file header, underlined by =,
the NAME section, and the SYNOPSIS, which would normally contain the grammar if
your command took arguments. Try to use well-established manpage headers so your
documentation is consistent with other Git and UNIX manpages; this makes life
easier for your user, who can skip to the section they know contains the
information they need.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">Before trying to build the docs, make sure you have the package <code>asciidoc</code>
installed.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now that you’ve written your manpage, you’ll need to build it explicitly. We
convert your AsciiDoc to troff which is man-readable like so:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ make all doc
$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>or</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ make -C Documentation/ git-psuh.1
$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While this isn’t as satisfying as running through <code>git help</code>, you can at least
check that your help page looks right.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also check that the documentation coverage is good (that is, the project
sees that your command has been implemented as well as documented) by running
<code>make check-docs</code> from the top-level.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Go ahead and commit your new documentation change.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="add-usage">Adding Usage Text</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Try and run <code>./bin-wrappers/git psuh -h</code>. Your command should crash at the end.
That’s because <code>-h</code> is a special case which your command should handle by
printing usage.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Take a look at <code>Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt</code>. This is a handy
tool for pulling out options you need to be able to handle, and it takes a
usage string.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In order to use it, we’ll need to prepare a NULL-terminated array of usage
strings and a <code>builtin_psuh_options</code> array.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a line to <code>#include "parse-options.h"</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At global scope, add your array of usage strings:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>static const char * const psuh_usage[] = {
N_("git psuh [<arg>...]"),
NULL,
};</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then, within your <code>cmd_psuh()</code> implementation, we can declare and populate our
<code>option</code> struct. Ours is pretty boring but you can add more to it if you want to
explore <code>parse_options()</code> in more detail:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> struct option options[] = {
OPT_END()
};</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, before you print your args and prefix, add the call to
<code>parse-options()</code>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, psuh_usage, 0);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This call will modify your <code>argv</code> parameter. It will strip the options you
specified in <code>options</code> from <code>argv</code> and the locations pointed to from <code>options</code>
entries will be updated. Be sure to replace your <code>argc</code> with the result from
<code>parse_options()</code>, or you will be confused if you try to parse <code>argv</code> later.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s worth noting the special argument <code>--</code>. As you may be aware, many Unix
commands use <code>--</code> to indicate "end of named parameters" - all parameters after
the <code>--</code> are interpreted merely as positional arguments. (This can be handy if
you want to pass as a parameter something which would usually be interpreted as
a flag.) <code>parse_options()</code> will terminate parsing when it reaches <code>--</code> and give
you the rest of the options afterwards, untouched.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now that you have a usage hint, you can teach Git how to show it in the general
command list shown by <code>git help git</code> or <code>git help -a</code>, which is generated from
<code>command-list.txt</code>. Find the line for <em>git-pull</em> so you can add your <em>git-psuh</em>
line above it in alphabetical order. Now, we can add some attributes about the
command which impacts where it shows up in the aforementioned help commands. The
top of <code>command-list.txt</code> shares some information about what each attribute
means; in those help pages, the commands are sorted according to these
attributes. <code>git psuh</code> is user-facing, or porcelain - so we will mark it as
"mainporcelain". For "mainporcelain" commands, the comments at the top of
<code>command-list.txt</code> indicate we can also optionally add an attribute from another
list; since <code>git psuh</code> shows some information about the user’s workspace but
doesn’t modify anything, let’s mark it as "info". Make sure to keep your
attributes in the same style as the rest of <code>command-list.txt</code> using spaces to
align and delineate them:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>git-prune-packed plumbingmanipulators
git-psuh mainporcelain info
git-pull mainporcelain remote
git-push mainporcelain remote</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Build again. Now, when you run with <code>-h</code>, you should see your usage printed and
your command terminated before anything else interesting happens. Great!</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Go ahead and commit this one, too.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="testing">Testing</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s important to test your code - even for a little toy command like this one.
Moreover, your patch won’t be accepted into the Git tree without tests. Your
tests should:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Illustrate the current behavior of the feature
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Prove the current behavior matches the expected behavior
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Ensure the externally-visible behavior isn’t broken in later changes
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So let’s write some tests.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Related reading: <code>t/README</code></p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="overview-test-structure">Overview of Testing Structure</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The tests in Git live in <code>t/</code> and are named with a 4-digit decimal number using
the schema shown in the Naming Tests section of <code>t/README</code>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="write-new-test">Writing Your Test</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since this a toy command, let’s go ahead and name the test with t9999. However,
as many of the family/subcmd combinations are full, best practice seems to be
to find a command close enough to the one you’ve added and share its naming
space.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Create a new file <code>t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</code>. Begin with the header as so (see
"Writing Tests" and "Source <em>test-lib.sh</em>" in <code>t/README</code>):</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>#!/bin/sh
test_description='git-psuh test
This test runs git-psuh and makes sure it does not crash.'
. ./test-lib.sh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Tests are framed inside of a <code>test_expect_success</code> in order to output TAP
formatted results. Let’s make sure that <code>git psuh</code> doesn’t exit poorly and does
mention the right animal somewhere:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>test_expect_success 'runs correctly with no args and good output' '
git psuh >actual &&
grep Pony actual
'</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Indicate that you’ve run everything you wanted by adding the following at the
bottom of your script:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>test_done</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Make sure you mark your test script executable:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ chmod +x t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can get an idea of whether you created your new test script successfully
by running <code>make -C t test-lint</code>, which will check for things like test number
uniqueness, executable bit, and so on.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="local-test">Running Locally</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s try and run locally:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ make
$ cd t/ && prove t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can run the full test suite and ensure <code>git-psuh</code> didn’t break anything:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ cd t/
$ prove -j$(nproc) --shuffle t[0-9]*.sh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">You can also do this with <code>make test</code> or use any testing harness which can
speak TAP. <code>prove</code> can run concurrently. <code>shuffle</code> randomizes the order the
tests are run in, which makes them resilient against unwanted inter-test
dependencies. <code>prove</code> also makes the output nicer.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Go ahead and commit this change, as well.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ready-to-share">Getting Ready to Share: Anatomy of a Patch Series</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may have noticed already that the Git project performs its code reviews via
emailed patches, which are then applied by the maintainer when they are ready
and approved by the community. The Git project does not accept contributions from
pull requests, and the patches emailed for review need to be formatted a
specific way.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Before taking a look at how to convert your commits into emailed patches,
let’s analyze what the end result, a "patch series", looks like. Here is an
<a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/pull.1218.git.git.1645209647.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/">example</a> of the summary view for a patch series on the web interface of
the <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/">Git mailing list archive</a>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>2022-02-18 18:40 [PATCH 0/3] libify reflog John Cai via GitGitGadget
2022-02-18 18:40 ` [PATCH 1/3] reflog: libify delete reflog function and helpers John Cai via GitGitGadget
2022-02-18 19:10 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason [this message]
2022-02-18 19:39 ` Taylor Blau
2022-02-18 19:48 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-02-18 19:35 ` Taylor Blau
2022-02-21 1:43 ` John Cai
2022-02-21 1:50 ` Taylor Blau
2022-02-23 19:50 ` John Cai
2022-02-18 20:00 ` // other replies elided
2022-02-18 18:40 ` [PATCH 2/3] reflog: call reflog_delete from reflog.c John Cai via GitGitGadget
2022-02-18 19:15 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-02-18 20:26 ` Junio C Hamano
2022-02-18 18:40 ` [PATCH 3/3] stash: call reflog_delete from reflog.c John Cai via GitGitGadget
2022-02-18 19:20 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-02-19 0:21 ` Taylor Blau
2022-02-22 2:36 ` John Cai
2022-02-22 10:51 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-02-18 19:29 ` [PATCH 0/3] libify reflog Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-02-22 18:30 ` [PATCH v2 0/3] libify reflog John Cai via GitGitGadget
2022-02-22 18:30 ` [PATCH v2 1/3] stash: add test to ensure reflog --rewrite --updatref behavior John Cai via GitGitGadget
2022-02-23 8:54 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
2022-02-23 21:27 ` Junio C Hamano
// continued</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We can note a few things:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Each commit is sent as a separate email, with the commit message title as
subject, prefixed with "[PATCH <em>i</em>/<em>n</em>]" for the <em>i</em>-th commit of an
<em>n</em>-commit series.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Each patch is sent as a reply to an introductory email called the <em>cover
letter</em> of the series, prefixed "[PATCH 0/<em>n</em>]".
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Subsequent iterations of the patch series are labelled "PATCH v2", "PATCH
v3", etc. in place of "PATCH". For example, "[PATCH v2 1/3]" would be the first of
three patches in the second iteration. Each iteration is sent with a new cover
letter (like "[PATCH v2 0/3]" above), itself a reply to the cover letter of the
previous iteration (more on that below).
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">A single-patch topic is sent with "[PATCH]", "[PATCH v2]", etc. without
<em>i</em>/<em>n</em> numbering (in the above thread overview, no single-patch topic appears,
though).</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="cover-letter">The cover letter</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In addition to an email per patch, the Git community also expects your patches
to come with a cover letter. This is an important component of change
submission as it explains to the community from a high level what you’re trying
to do, and why, in a way that’s more apparent than just looking at your
patches.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The title of your cover letter should be something which succinctly covers the
purpose of your entire topic branch. It’s often in the imperative mood, just
like our commit message titles. Here is how we’ll title our series:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>---
Add the <em>psuh</em> command
---</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The body of the cover letter is used to give additional context to reviewers.
Be sure to explain anything your patches don’t make clear on their own, but
remember that since the cover letter is not recorded in the commit history,
anything that might be useful to future readers of the repository’s history
should also be in your commit messages.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here’s an example body for <code>psuh</code>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>Our internal metrics indicate widespread interest in the command
git-psuh - that is, many users are trying to use it, but finding it is
unavailable, using some unknown workaround instead.
The following handful of patches add the psuh command and implement some
handy features on top of it.
This patchset is part of the MyFirstContribution tutorial and should not
be merged.</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At this point the tutorial diverges, in order to demonstrate two
different methods of formatting your patchset and getting it reviewed.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first method to be covered is GitGitGadget, which is useful for those
already familiar with GitHub’s common pull request workflow. This method
requires a GitHub account.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The second method to be covered is <code>git send-email</code>, which can give slightly
more fine-grained control over the emails to be sent. This method requires some
setup which can change depending on your system and will not be covered in this
tutorial.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Regardless of which method you choose, your engagement with reviewers will be
the same; the review process will be covered after the sections on GitGitGadget
and <code>git send-email</code>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="howto-ggg">Sending Patches via GitGitGadget</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>One option for sending patches is to follow a typical pull request workflow and
send your patches out via GitGitGadget. GitGitGadget is a tool created by
Johannes Schindelin to make life as a Git contributor easier for those used to
the GitHub PR workflow. It allows contributors to open pull requests against its
mirror of the Git project, and does some magic to turn the PR into a set of
emails and send them out for you. It also runs the Git continuous integration
suite for you. It’s documented at <a href="https://gitgitgadget.github.io/">https://gitgitgadget.github.io/</a>.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="create-fork">Forking <code>git/git</code> on GitHub</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Before you can send your patch off to be reviewed using GitGitGadget, you will
need to fork the Git project and upload your changes. First thing - make sure
you have a GitHub account.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Head to the <a href="https://github.com/git/git">GitHub mirror</a> and look for the Fork
button. Place your fork wherever you deem appropriate and create it.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="upload-to-fork">Uploading to Your Own Fork</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To upload your branch to your own fork, you’ll need to add the new fork as a
remote. You can use <code>git remote -v</code> to show the remotes you have added already.
From your new fork’s page on GitHub, you can press "Clone or download" to get
the URL; then you need to run the following to add, replacing your own URL and
remote name for the examples provided:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git remote add remotename git@github.com:remotename/git.git</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>or to use the HTTPS URL:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git remote add remotename https://github.com/remotename/git/.git</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Run <code>git remote -v</code> again and you should see the new remote showing up.
<code>git fetch remotename</code> (with the real name of your remote replaced) in order to
get ready to push.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, double-check that you’ve been doing all your development in a new branch
by running <code>git branch</code>. If you didn’t, now is a good time to move your new
commits to their own branch.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As mentioned briefly at the beginning of this document, we are basing our work
on <code>master</code>, so go ahead and update as shown below, or using your preferred
workflow.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git checkout master
$ git pull -r
$ git rebase master psuh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, you’re ready to push your new topic branch! (Due to our branch and
command name choices, be careful when you type the command below.)</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git push remotename psuh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now you should be able to go and check out your newly created branch on GitHub.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="send-pr-ggg">Sending a PR to GitGitGadget</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In order to have your code tested and formatted for review, you need to start by
opening a Pull Request against <code>gitgitgadget/git</code>. Head to
<a href="https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git">https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git</a> and open a PR either with the "New pull
request" button or the convenient "Compare & pull request" button that may
appear with the name of your newly pushed branch.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Review the PR’s title and description, as they’re used by GitGitGadget
respectively as the subject and body of the cover letter for your change. Refer
to <a href="#cover-letter">"The cover letter"</a> above for advice on how to title your
submission and what content to include in the description.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">For single-patch contributions, your commit message should already be
meaningful and explain at a high level the purpose (what is happening and why)
of your patch, so you usually do not need any additional context. In that case,
remove the PR description that GitHub automatically generates from your commit
message (your PR description should be empty). If you do need to supply even
more context, you can do so in that space and it will be appended to the email
that GitGitGadget will send, between the three-dash line and the diffstat
(see <a href="#single-patch">Bonus Chapter: One-Patch Changes</a> for how this looks once
submitted).</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you’re happy, submit your pull request.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="run-ci-ggg">Running CI and Getting Ready to Send</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If it’s your first time using GitGitGadget (which is likely, as you’re using
this tutorial) then someone will need to give you permission to use the tool.
As mentioned in the GitGitGadget documentation, you just need someone who
already uses it to comment on your PR with <code>/allow <username></code>. GitGitGadget
will automatically run your PRs through the CI even without the permission given
but you will not be able to <code>/submit</code> your changes until someone allows you to
use the tool.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">You can typically find someone who can <code>/allow</code> you on GitGitGadget by
either examining recent pull requests where someone has been granted <code>/allow</code>
(<a href="https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/pulls?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+%22%2Fallow%22">Search:
is:pr is:open "/allow"</a>), in which case both the author and the person who
granted the <code>/allow</code> can now <code>/allow</code> you, or by inquiring on the
<a href="https://web.libera.chat/#git-devel">#git-devel</a> IRC channel on Libera Chat
linking your pull request and asking for someone to <code>/allow</code> you.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the CI fails, you can update your changes with <code>git rebase -i</code> and push your
branch again:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git push -f remotename psuh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In fact, you should continue to make changes this way up until the point when
your patch is accepted into <code>next</code>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="send-mail-ggg">Sending Your Patches</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now that your CI is passing and someone has granted you permission to use
GitGitGadget with the <code>/allow</code> command, sending out for review is as simple as
commenting on your PR with <code>/submit</code>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="responding-ggg">Updating With Comments</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Skip ahead to <a href="#reviewing">Responding to Reviews</a> for information on how to
reply to review comments you will receive on the mailing list.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Once you have your branch again in the shape you want following all review
comments, you can submit again:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git push -f remotename psuh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, go look at your pull request against GitGitGadget; you should see the CI
has been kicked off again. Now while the CI is running is a good time for you
to modify your description at the top of the pull request thread; it will be
used again as the cover letter. You should use this space to describe what
has changed since your previous version, so that your reviewers have some idea
of what they’re looking at. When the CI is done running, you can comment once
more with <code>/submit</code> - GitGitGadget will automatically add a v2 mark to your
changes.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="howto-git-send-email">Sending Patches with <code>git send-email</code></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you don’t want to use GitGitGadget, you can also use Git itself to mail your
patches. Some benefits of using Git this way include finer grained control of
subject line (for example, being able to use the tag [RFC PATCH] in the subject)
and being able to send a “dry run” mail to yourself to ensure it all looks
good before going out to the list.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="setup-git-send-email">Prerequisite: Setting Up <code>git send-email</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Configuration for <code>send-email</code> can vary based on your operating system and email
provider, and so will not be covered in this tutorial, beyond stating that in
many distributions of Linux, <code>git-send-email</code> is not packaged alongside the
typical <code>git</code> install. You may need to install this additional package; there
are a number of resources online to help you do so. You will also need to
determine the right way to configure it to use your SMTP server; again, as this
configuration can change significantly based on your system and email setup, it
is out of scope for the context of this tutorial.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="format-patch">Preparing Initial Patchset</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Sending emails with Git is a two-part process; before you can prepare the emails
themselves, you’ll need to prepare the patches. Luckily, this is pretty simple:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git format-patch --cover-letter -o psuh/ --base=auto psuh@{u}..psuh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
The <code>--cover-letter</code> option tells <code>format-patch</code> to create a
cover letter template for you. You will need to fill in the
template before you’re ready to send - but for now, the template
will be next to your other patches.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The <code>-o psuh/</code> option tells <code>format-patch</code> to place the patch
files into a directory. This is useful because <code>git send-email</code>
can take a directory and send out all the patches from there.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The <code>--base=auto</code> option tells the command to record the "base
commit", on which the recipient is expected to apply the patch
series. The <code>auto</code> value will cause <code>format-patch</code> to compute
the base commit automatically, which is the merge base of tip
commit of the remote-tracking branch and the specified revision
range.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The <code>psuh@{u}..psuh</code> option tells <code>format-patch</code> to generate
patches for the commits you created on the <code>psuh</code> branch since it
forked from its upstream (which is <code>origin/master</code> if you
followed the example in the "Set up your workspace" section). If
you are already on the <code>psuh</code> branch, you can just say <code>@{u}</code>,
which means "commits on the current branch since it forked from
its upstream", which is the same thing.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The command will make one patch file per commit. After you
run, you can go have a look at each of the patches with your favorite text
editor and make sure everything looks alright; however, it’s not recommended to
make code fixups via the patch file. It’s a better idea to make the change the
normal way using <code>git rebase -i</code> or by adding a new commit than by modifying a
patch.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">Optionally, you can also use the <code>--rfc</code> flag to prefix your patch subject
with “[RFC PATCH]” instead of “[PATCH]”. RFC stands for “request for
comments” and indicates that while your code isn’t quite ready for submission,
you’d like to begin the code review process. This can also be used when your
patch is a proposal, but you aren’t sure whether the community wants to solve
the problem with that approach or not - to conduct a sort of design review. You
may also see on the list patches marked “WIP” - this means they are incomplete
but want reviewers to look at what they have so far. You can add this flag with
<code>--subject-prefix=WIP</code>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Check and make sure that your patches and cover letter template exist in the
directory you specified - you’re nearly ready to send out your review!</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="preparing-cover-letter">Preparing Email</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since you invoked <code>format-patch</code> with <code>--cover-letter</code>, you’ve already got a
cover letter template ready. Open it up in your favorite editor.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You should see a number of headers present already. Check that your <code>From:</code>
header is correct. Then modify your <code>Subject:</code> (see <a href="#cover-letter">above</a> for
how to choose good title for your patch series):</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>Subject: [PATCH 0/7] Add the 'psuh' command</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Make sure you retain the “[PATCH 0/X]” part; that’s what indicates to the Git
community that this email is the beginning of a patch series, and many
reviewers filter their email for this type of flag.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You’ll need to add some extra parameters when you invoke <code>git send-email</code> to add
the cover letter.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next you’ll have to fill out the body of your cover letter. Again, see
<a href="#cover-letter">above</a> for what content to include.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The template created by <code>git format-patch --cover-letter</code> includes a diffstat.
This gives reviewers a summary of what they’re in for when reviewing your topic.
The one generated for <code>psuh</code> from the sample implementation looks like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> Documentation/git-psuh.txt | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++
Makefile | 1 +
builtin.h | 1 +
builtin/psuh.c | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
git.c | 1 +
t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh | 12 +++++++
6 files changed, 128 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/git-psuh.txt
create mode 100644 builtin/psuh.c
create mode 100755 t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, the letter will include the version of Git used to generate the
patches. You can leave that string alone.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="sending-git-send-email">Sending Email</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At this point you should have a directory <code>psuh/</code> which is filled with your
patches and a cover letter. Time to mail it out! You can send it like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git send-email --to=target@example.com psuh/*.patch</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">Check <code>git help send-email</code> for some other options which you may find
valuable, such as changing the Reply-to address or adding more CC and BCC lines.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">If you’re not sure whom to CC, running <code>contrib/contacts/git-contacts</code> can
list potential reviewers. In addition, you can do <code>git send-email
--cc-cmd='perl contrib/contacts/git-contacts' feature/*.patch</code><span class="footnote" id="_footnote_contrib-scripts"><br />[Scripts under <code>contrib/</code> are not part of the core <code>git</code> binary and must be called directly. Clone the Git codebase and run <code>perl contrib/contacts/git-contacts</code>.]<br /></span> to
automatically pass this list of emails to <code>send-email</code>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">When you are sending a real patch, it will go to <a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a> - but
please don’t send your patchset from the tutorial to the real mailing list! For
now, you can send it to yourself, to make sure you understand how it will look.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After you run the command above, you will be presented with an interactive
prompt for each patch that’s about to go out. This gives you one last chance to
edit or quit sending something (but again, don’t edit code this way). Once you
press <code>y</code> or <code>a</code> at these prompts your emails will be sent! Congratulations!</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Awesome, now the community will drop everything and review your changes. (Just
kidding - be patient!)</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="v2-git-send-email">Sending v2</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This section will focus on how to send a v2 of your patchset. To learn what
should go into v2, skip ahead to <a href="#reviewing">Responding to Reviews</a> for
information on how to handle comments from reviewers.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We’ll reuse our <code>psuh</code> topic branch for v2. Before we make any changes, we’ll
mark the tip of our v1 branch for easy reference:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git checkout psuh
$ git branch psuh-v1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Refine your patch series by using <code>git rebase -i</code> to adjust commits based upon
reviewer comments. Once the patch series is ready for submission, generate your
patches again, but with some new flags:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git format-patch -v2 --cover-letter -o psuh/ --range-diff master..psuh-v1 master..</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--range-diff master..psuh-v1</code> parameter tells <code>format-patch</code> to include a
range-diff between <code>psuh-v1</code> and <code>psuh</code> in the cover letter (see
<a href="git-range-diff.html">git-range-diff(1)</a>). This helps tell reviewers about the differences
between your v1 and v2 patches.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>-v2</code> parameter tells <code>format-patch</code> to output your patches
as version "2". For instance, you may notice that your v2 patches are
all named like <code>v2-000n-my-commit-subject.patch</code>. <code>-v2</code> will also format
your patches by prefixing them with "[PATCH v2]" instead of "[PATCH]",
and your range-diff will be prefaced with "Range-diff against v1".</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After you run this command, <code>format-patch</code> will output the patches to the <code>psuh/</code>
directory, alongside the v1 patches. Using a single directory makes it easy to
refer to the old v1 patches while proofreading the v2 patches, but you will need
to be careful to send out only the v2 patches. We will use a pattern like
<code>psuh/v2-*.patch</code> (not <code>psuh/*.patch</code>, which would match v1 and v2 patches).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Edit your cover letter again. Now is a good time to mention what’s different
between your last version and now, if it’s something significant. You do not
need the exact same body in your second cover letter; focus on explaining to
reviewers the changes you’ve made that may not be as visible.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You will also need to go and find the Message-ID of your previous cover letter.
You can either note it when you send the first series, from the output of <code>git
send-email</code>, or you can look it up on the
<a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">mailing list</a>. Find your cover letter in the
archives, click on it, then click "permalink" or "raw" to reveal the Message-ID
header. It should match:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>Message-ID: <foo.12345.author@example.com></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Your Message-ID is <code><foo.12345.author@example.com></code>. This example will be used
below as well; make sure to replace it with the correct Message-ID for your
<strong>previous cover letter</strong> - that is, if you’re sending v2, use the Message-ID
from v1; if you’re sending v3, use the Message-ID from v2.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While you’re looking at the email, you should also note who is CC’d, as it’s
common practice in the mailing list to keep all CCs on a thread. You can add
these CC lines directly to your cover letter with a line like so in the header
(before the Subject line):</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>CC: author@example.com, Othe R <other@example.com></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now send the emails again, paying close attention to which messages you pass in
to the command:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git send-email --to=target@example.com
--in-reply-to="<foo.12345.author@example.com>"
psuh/v2-*.patch</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="single-patch">Bonus Chapter: One-Patch Changes</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In some cases, your very small change may consist of only one patch. When that
happens, you only need to send one email. Your commit message should already be
meaningful and explain at a high level the purpose (what is happening and why)
of your patch, but if you need to supply even more context, you can do so below
the <code>---</code> in your patch. Take the example below, which was generated with <code>git
format-patch</code> on a single commit, and then edited to add the content between
the <code>---</code> and the diffstat.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>From 1345bbb3f7ac74abde040c12e737204689a72723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: A U Thor <author@example.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Apr 2019 15:11:02 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] README: change the grammar
I think it looks better this way. This part of the commit message will
end up in the commit-log.
Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com>
---
Let's have a wild discussion about grammar on the mailing list. This
part of my email will never end up in the commit log. Here is where I
can add additional context to the mailing list about my intent, outside
of the context of the commit log. This section was added after `git
format-patch` was run, by editing the patch file in a text editor.
README.md | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 88f126184c..38da593a60 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
=========================================================
-Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
+Git is a fast, scalable, and distributed revision control system with an
unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
and full access to internals.
--
2.21.0.392.gf8f6787159e-goog</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="now-what">My Patch Got Emailed - Now What?</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please give reviewers enough time to process your initial patch before
sending an updated version. That is, resist the temptation to send a new
version immediately, because others may have already started reviewing
your initial version.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While waiting for review comments, you may find mistakes in your initial
patch, or perhaps realize a different and better way to achieve the goal
of the patch. In this case you may communicate your findings to other
reviewers as follows:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
If the mistakes you found are minor, send a reply to your patch as if
you were a reviewer and mention that you will fix them in an
updated version.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
On the other hand, if you think you want to change the course so
drastically that reviews on the initial patch would be a waste of
time (for everyone involved), retract the patch immediately with
a reply like "I am working on a much better approach, so please
ignore this patch and wait for the updated version."
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now, the above is a good practice if you sent your initial patch
prematurely without polish. But a better approach of course is to avoid
sending your patch prematurely in the first place.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please be considerate of the time needed by reviewers to examine each
new version of your patch. Rather than seeing the initial version right
now (followed by several "oops, I like this version better than the
previous one" patches over 2 days), reviewers would strongly prefer if a
single polished version came 2 days later instead, and that version with
fewer mistakes were the only one they would need to review.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="reviewing">Responding to Reviews</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After a few days, you will hopefully receive a reply to your patchset with some
comments. Woohoo! Now you can get back to work.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s good manners to reply to each comment, notifying the reviewer that you have
made the change suggested, feel the original is better, or that the comment
inspired you to do something a new way which is superior to both the original
and the suggested change. This way reviewers don’t need to inspect your v2 to
figure out whether you implemented their comment or not.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Reviewers may ask you about what you wrote in the patchset, either in
the proposed commit log message or in the changes themselves. You
should answer these questions in your response messages, but often the
reason why reviewers asked these questions to understand what you meant
to write is because your patchset needed clarification to be understood.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Do not be satisfied by just answering their questions in your response
and hear them say that they now understand what you wanted to say.
Update your patches to clarify the points reviewers had trouble with,
and prepare your v2; the words you used to explain your v1 to answer
reviewers' questions may be useful thing to use. Your goal is to make
your v2 clear enough so that it becomes unnecessary for you to give the
same explanation to the next person who reads it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you are going to push back on a comment, be polite and explain why you feel
your original is better; be prepared that the reviewer may still disagree with
you, and the rest of the community may weigh in on one side or the other. As
with all code reviews, it’s important to keep an open mind to doing something a
different way than you originally planned; other reviewers have a different
perspective on the project than you do, and may be thinking of a valid side
effect which had not occurred to you. It is always okay to ask for clarification
if you aren’t sure why a change was suggested, or what the reviewer is asking
you to do.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Make sure your email client has a plaintext email mode and it is turned on; the
Git list rejects HTML email. Please also follow the mailing list etiquette
outlined in the
<a href="https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/git/git/+/todo/MaintNotes">Maintainer’s
Note</a>, which are similar to etiquette rules in most open source communities
surrounding bottom-posting and inline replies.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you’re making changes to your code, it is cleanest - that is, the resulting
commits are easiest to look at - if you use <code>git rebase -i</code> (interactive
rebase). Take a look at this
<a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/git-pocket-guide/9781449327507/ch10.html">overview</a>
from O’Reilly. The general idea is to modify each commit which requires changes;
this way, instead of having a patch A with a mistake, a patch B which was fine
and required no upstream reviews in v1, and a patch C which fixes patch A for
v2, you can just ship a v2 with a correct patch A and correct patch B. This is
changing history, but since it’s local history which you haven’t shared with
anyone, that is okay for now! (Later, it may not make sense to do this; take a
look at the section below this one for some context.)</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="after-approval">After Review Approval</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Git project has four integration branches: <code>seen</code>, <code>next</code>, <code>master</code>, and
<code>maint</code>. Your change will be placed into <code>seen</code> fairly early on by the maintainer
while it is still in the review process; from there, when it is ready for wider
testing, it will be merged into <code>next</code>. Plenty of early testers use <code>next</code> and
may report issues. Eventually, changes in <code>next</code> will make it to <code>master</code>,
which is typically considered stable. Finally, when a new release is cut,
<code>maint</code> is used to base bugfixes onto. As mentioned at the beginning of this
document, you can read <code>Documents/SubmittingPatches</code> for some more info about
the use of the various integration branches.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Back to now: your code has been lauded by the upstream reviewers. It is perfect.
It is ready to be accepted. You don’t need to do anything else; the maintainer
will merge your topic branch to <code>next</code> and life is good.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>However, if you discover it isn’t so perfect after this point, you may need to
take some special steps depending on where you are in the process.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the maintainer has announced in the "What’s cooking in git.git" email that
your topic is marked for <code>next</code> - that is, that they plan to merge it to <code>next</code>
but have not yet done so - you should send an email asking the maintainer to
wait a little longer: "I’ve sent v4 of my series and you marked it for <code>next</code>,
but I need to change this and that - please wait for v5 before you merge it."</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the topic has already been merged to <code>next</code>, rather than modifying your
patches with <code>git rebase -i</code>, you should make further changes incrementally -
that is, with another commit, based on top of the maintainer’s topic branch as
detailed in <a href="https://github.com/gitster/git">https://github.com/gitster/git</a>. Your work is still in the same topic
but is now incremental, rather than a wholesale rewrite of the topic branch.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The topic branches in the maintainer’s GitHub are mirrored in GitGitGadget, so
if you’re sending your reviews out that way, you should be sure to open your PR
against the appropriate GitGitGadget/Git branch.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’re using <code>git send-email</code>, you can use it the same way as before, but you
should generate your diffs from <code><topic>..<mybranch></code> and base your work on
<code><topic></code> instead of <code>master</code>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
2024-05-01 10:56:52 PDT
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
