Autogenerated HTML docs for v2.43.0-rc1-1-ge0939b

author: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> 2023-11-13 12:54:46 +0900
committer: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> 2023-11-13 12:54:46 +0900
commit: c1f1c70762f00b54d67219ad3575fa37ad1c07d0 (patch)
tree: 05889ff17ffed9ca9e159942aaec200547257af4
parent: 9f9f4f061623927f068bbd868977da3af0aaf045 (diff)
download: git-htmldocs-c1f1c70762f00b54d67219ad3575fa37ad1c07d0.tar.gz
44 files changed, 76 insertions, 76 deletions
diff --git a/MyFirstContribution.html b/MyFirstContribution.html
index d5e0734c4..09d4cee67 100644
--- a/MyFirstContribution.html
+++ b/MyFirstContribution.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>My First Contribution to the Git Project</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/MyFirstObjectWalk.html b/MyFirstObjectWalk.html
index b71c5a2ba..e86d92d7e 100644
--- a/MyFirstObjectWalk.html
+++ b/MyFirstObjectWalk.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>My First Object Walk</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt b/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt
index 74f304b1b..770543c46 100644
--- a/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt
+++ b/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ UI, Workflows & Features
    a branch that is checked out and protect it.  Rephrase the message
    to say that the branch is in use.
 
- * Hourly and other schedule of "git maintenance" jobs are randomly
+ * Hourly and other schedules of "git maintenance" jobs are randomly
    distributed now.
 
  * "git cmd -h" learned to signal which options can be negated by
    listing such options like "--[no-]opt".
 
- * The way authentication related data other than passwords (e.g.
-   oath token and password expiration data) are stored in libsecret
+ * The way authentication related data other than passwords (e.g.,
+   oauth token and password expiration data) are stored in libsecret
    keyrings has been rethought.
 
  * Update the libsecret and wincred credential helpers to correctly
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ UI, Workflows & Features
 
  * The default log message created by "git revert", when reverting a
    commit that records a revert, has been tweaked, to encourage people
-   describe complex "revert of revert of revert" situation better in
+   to describe complex "revert of revert of revert" situations better in
    their own words.
 
  * The command-line completion support (in contrib/) learned to
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ UI, Workflows & Features
 
  * The command line completion script (in contrib/) can be told to
    complete aliases by including ": git <cmd> ;" in the alias to tell
-   it that the alias should be completed similar to how "git <cmd>" is
-   completed.  The parsing code for the alias as been loosened to
+   it that the alias should be completed in a similar way to how "git <cmd>" is
+   completed.  The parsing code for the alias has been loosened to
    allow ';' without an extra space before it.
 
  * "git for-each-ref" and friends learned to apply mailmap to
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
  * Flaky "git p4" tests, as well as "git svn" tests, are now skipped
    in the (rather expensive) sanitizer CI job.
 
- * Tests with LSan from time to time seem to emit harmless message
-   that makes our tests unnecessarily flaky; we work it around by
+ * Tests with LSan from time to time seem to emit harmless messages
+   that make our tests unnecessarily flaky; we work around it by
    filtering the uninteresting output.
 
  * Unused parameters to functions are marked as such, and/or removed,
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
  * Test coverage for trailers has been improved.
 
- * The code to iterate over loose references have been optimized to
+ * The code to iterate over loose references has been optimized to
    reduce the number of lstat() system calls.
 
  * The codepaths that read "chunk" formatted files have been corrected
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ Fixes since v2.42
    branch tips at the same time will not waste building and testing
    the same thing twice.
 
- * The commit-graph verification code that detects mixture of zero and
+ * The commit-graph verification code that detects a mixture of zero and
    non-zero generation numbers has been updated.
 
  * "git diff -w --exit-code" with various options did not work
@@ -170,20 +170,20 @@ Fixes since v2.42
    the sequencer code has been cleaned up for consistency.
 
  * "git diff --no-such-option" and other corner cases around the exit
-   status of the "diff" command has been corrected.
+   status of the "diff" command have been corrected.
 
  * "git for-each-ref --sort='contents:size'" sorts the refs according
    to size numerically, giving a ref that points at a blob twelve-byte
    (12) long before showing a blob hundred-byte (100) long.
 
- * We now limit depth of the tree objects and maximum length of
+ * We now limit the depth of the tree objects and maximum length of
    pathnames recorded in tree objects.
    (merge 4d5693ba05 jk/tree-name-and-depth-limit later to maint).
 
  * Various fixes to the behavior of "rebase -i" when the command got
    interrupted by conflicting changes.
 
- * References from description of the `--patch` option in various
+ * References from a description of the `--patch` option in various
    manual pages have been simplified and improved.
 
  * "git grep -e A --no-or -e B" is accepted, even though the negation
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ Fixes since v2.42
    information for a file when fsmonitor knows it is clean and ended
    up behaving as if it is not clean, which has been corrected.
 
- * Clarify how "alias.foo = : git cmd ; aliased-command-string" should
-   be spelled with necessary whitespaces around punctuation marks to
+ * Clarify how "alias.foo = : git cmd ; aliased-command-string" should be
+   spelled with necessary whitespace around punctuation marks to
    work.
 
  * HTTP Header redaction code has been adjusted for a newer version of
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ Fixes since v2.42
    by "git stash create" now errors out.
    (merge d9b6634589 jc/fail-stash-to-store-non-stash later to maint).
 
- * The index file has room only for lower 32-bit of the file size in
+ * The index file has room only for the lower 32-bit of the file size in
    the cached stat information, which means cached stat information
-   will have 0 in its sd_size member for a file whose size is multiple
+   will have 0 in its sd_size member for a file whose size is a multiple
    of 4GiB.  This is mistaken for a racily clean path.  Avoid it by
    storing a bogus sd_size value instead for such files.
    (merge 5143ac07b1 bc/racy-4gb-files later to maint).
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ Fixes since v2.42
    20 months or so, which has been corrected.
 
  * "git send-email" did not have certain pieces of data computed yet
-   when it tried to validate the outging messages and its recipient
+   when it tried to validate the outgoing messages and its recipient
    addresses, which has been sorted out.
 
  * "git bugreport" learned to complain when it received a command line
diff --git a/ReviewingGuidelines.html b/ReviewingGuidelines.html
index 543c19591..5689240a0 100644
--- a/ReviewingGuidelines.html
+++ b/ReviewingGuidelines.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Reviewing Patches in the Git Project</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/SubmittingPatches.html b/SubmittingPatches.html
index 5ee23191e..7a1810aae 100644
--- a/SubmittingPatches.html
+++ b/SubmittingPatches.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Submitting Patches</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/ToolsForGit.html b/ToolsForGit.html
index cd0c825c7..fa21053d5 100644
--- a/ToolsForGit.html
+++ b/ToolsForGit.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Tools for developing Git</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/everyday.html b/everyday.html
index 6e6749d0f..1b514ced3 100644
--- a/everyday.html
+++ b/everyday.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
diff --git a/git-remote-helpers.html b/git-remote-helpers.html
index e6360a0e6..974e3f282 100644
--- a/git-remote-helpers.html
+++ b/git-remote-helpers.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>git-remote-helpers</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
diff --git a/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html b/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html
index de4db71f4..a937a114c 100644
--- a/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html
+++ b/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html
@@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ Thanks,
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html b/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html
index a21c7d27c..428f8c49f 100644
--- a/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html
+++ b/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Keep authoritative canonical history correct with git pull</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ tip of your <em>master</em> again and redo the two merges:</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/maintain-git.html b/howto/maintain-git.html
index fd572273e..53fb4294a 100644
--- a/howto/maintain-git.html
+++ b/howto/maintain-git.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to maintain Git</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ $ git update-ref -d $mf/ai/topic</code></pre>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/new-command.html b/howto/new-command.html
index 71244147e..6d74f158d 100644
--- a/howto/new-command.html
+++ b/howto/new-command.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to integrate new subcommands</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ letter [PATCH 0/n].
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:35 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:35 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html b/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html
index 0d3b643b1..0985f09f6 100644
--- a/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html
+++ b/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to rebase from an internal branch</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ the #1' commit.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html b/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html
index 1b8b85366..cb724e978 100644
--- a/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html
+++ b/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to rebuild from update hook</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ This is still crude and does not protect against simultaneous
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html b/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html
index bf1787ea2..564c90755 100644
--- a/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html
+++ b/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to recover a corrupted blob object</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ thing.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html b/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html
index fbd89d37d..28e0ee809 100644
--- a/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html
+++ b/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to recover an object from scratch</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html b/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html
index fd146f02b..5aae2e009 100644
--- a/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html
+++ b/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to revert a faulty merge</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---M2
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html b/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html
index 499005a9d..38e3b2a09 100644
--- a/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html
+++ b/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to revert an existing commit</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ Committed merge 7fb9b7262a1d1e0a47bbfdcbbcf50ce0635d3f8f
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:35 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:35 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/separating-topic-branches.html b/howto/separating-topic-branches.html
index 213f8d9f2..00bab70b9 100644
--- a/howto/separating-topic-branches.html
+++ b/howto/separating-topic-branches.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to separate topic branches</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ o---o"master"</code></pre>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:36 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html b/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html
index aa212e649..8ba5872e9 100644
--- a/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html
+++ b/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to setup Git server over http</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ help diagnosing the problem, but removes security checks.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:36 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:35 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/update-hook-example.html b/howto/update-hook-example.html
index 36f400eef..a7adb32a5 100644
--- a/howto/update-hook-example.html
+++ b/howto/update-hook-example.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to use the update hook</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ that JC can make non-fast-forward pushes on it.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:35 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:35 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/use-git-daemon.html b/howto/use-git-daemon.html
index 507bbe5b0..c2fd2fdc5 100644
--- a/howto/use-git-daemon.html
+++ b/howto/use-git-daemon.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to use git-daemon</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ a good practice to put the paths after a "--" separator.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:35 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:35 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/using-merge-subtree.html b/howto/using-merge-subtree.html
index 3ad8976b8..193306993 100644
--- a/howto/using-merge-subtree.html
+++ b/howto/using-merge-subtree.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to use the subtree merge strategy</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ Please note that if the other project merges from you, then it will
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:35 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:35 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.html b/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.html
index bb7834337..02c728d29 100644
--- a/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.html
+++ b/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to use a signed tag in pull requests</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ as part of the merge commit.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-11-09 02:04:35 JST
+ 2023-11-13 12:53:35 JST
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/technical/api-error-handling.html b/technical/api-error-handling.html
index ae9ed47fd..108cddac4 100644
--- a/technical/api-error-handling.html
+++ b/technical/api-error-handling.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Error reporting in git</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
diff --git a/technical/api-index.html b/technical/api-index.html
index 08509a584..e0c4d854c 100644
--- a/technical/api-index.html
+++ b/technical/api-index.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Git API Documents</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-11-08</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-11-11</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
diff --git a/technical/api-merge.html b/technical/api-merge.html
index 9df00a619..44466e4b9 100644
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diff --git a/user-manual.html b/user-manual.html
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 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
-<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Git User Manual</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-xsl.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div lang="en" class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id-1"></a>Git User Manual</h1></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table style="border-style:solid; width:100%;" summary="Revision History"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">2023-11-08</td></tr></table></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#repositories-and-branches">1. Repositories and Branches</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository">How to get a Git repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-check-out">How to check out a different version of a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-commits">Understanding History: Commits</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-reachability">Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-diagrams">Understanding history: History diagrams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#what-is-a-branch">Understanding history: What is a branch?</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#manipulating-branches">Manipulating branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#detached-head">Examining an old version without creating a new branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-remote-branches">Examining branches from a remote repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-git-stores-references">Naming branches, tags, and other references</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">Updating a repository with git fetch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-branches">Fetching branches from other repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#exploring-git-history">2. Exploring Git history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-bisect">How to use bisect to find a regression</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#naming-commits">Naming commits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-tags">Creating tags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#browsing-revisions">Browsing revisions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-diffs">Generating diffs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#viewing-old-file-versions">Viewing old file versions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#counting-commits-on-a-branch">Counting the number of commits on a branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-equal-branches">Check whether two branches point at the same history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#finding-tagged-descendants">Find first tagged version including a given fix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">Showing commits unique to a given branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-a-release">Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Finding-commits-With-given-Content">Finding commits referencing a file with given content</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#Developing-With-git">3. Developing with Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#telling-git-your-name">Telling Git your name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-make-a-commit">How to make a commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-good-commit-messages">Creating good commit messages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ignoring-files">Ignoring files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-merge">How to merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#resolving-a-merge">Resolving a merge</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#conflict-resolution">Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#undoing-a-merge">Undoing a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fast-forwards">Fast-forward merges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-mistakes">Fixing mistakes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reverting-a-commit">Fixing a mistake with a new commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checkout-of-path">Checking out an old version of a file</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interrupted-work">Temporarily setting aside work in progress</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-good-performance">Ensuring good performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-reliability">Ensuring reliability</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-corruption">Checking the repository for corruption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-lost-changes">Recovering lost changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sharing-development">4. Sharing development with others</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#getting-updates-With-git-pull">Getting updates with git pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#submitting-patches">Submitting patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-patches">Importing patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#public-repositories">Public Git repositories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-public-repository">Setting up a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-git">Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-http">Exporting a git repository via HTTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">Pushing changes to a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-push">What to do when a push fails</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-shared-repository">Setting up a shared repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-gitweb">Allowing web browsing of a repository</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history">How to get a Git repository with minimal history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-development-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#maintaining-topic-branches">Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#cleaning-up-history">5. Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series">Creating the perfect patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-git-rebase">Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rewriting-one-commit">Rewriting a single commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reordering-patch-series">Reordering or selecting from a patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interactive-rebase">Using interactive rebases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series-tools">Other tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#problems-With-rewriting-history">Problems with rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bisect-merges">Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#advanced-branch-management">6. Advanced branch management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-individual-branches">Fetching individual branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetch-fast-forwards">git fetch and fast-forwards</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-fetch">Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#remote-branch-configuration">Configuring remote-tracking branches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#git-concepts">7. Git concepts</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-object-database">The Object Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#commit-object">Commit Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tree-object">Tree Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#blob-object">Blob Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#trust">Trust</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tag-object">Tag Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-files">How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dangling-objects">Dangling objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-from-repository-corruption">Recovering from repository corruption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-index">The index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submodules">8. Submodules</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pitfalls-with-submodules">Pitfalls with submodules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#low-level-operations">9. Low-level Git operations</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-manipulation">Object access and manipulation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-workflow">The Workflow</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#working-directory-to-index">working directory → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-object-database">index → object database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-database-to-index">object database → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-working-directory">index → working directory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tying-it-all-together">Tying it all together</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-the-data">Examining the data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees">Merging multiple trees</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees-2">Merging multiple trees, continued</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hacking-git">10. Hacking Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-details">Object storage format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#birdview-on-the-source-code">A birds-eye view of Git’s source code</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">11. Git Glossary</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#git-explained">Git explained</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#git-quick-start">A. Git Quick Reference</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quick-creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#managing-branches">Managing branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exploring-history">Exploring history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-changes">Making changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging">Merging</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-your-changes">Sharing your changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#repository-maintenance">Repository maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#todo">B. Notes and todo list for this manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#todo-list">Todo list</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="_introduction"></a>Introduction</h1></div></div></div><p>Git is a fast distributed revision control system.</p><p>This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX
+<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Git User Manual</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-xsl.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div lang="en" class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id-1"></a>Git User Manual</h1></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table style="border-style:solid; width:100%;" summary="Revision History"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">2023-11-11</td></tr></table></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#repositories-and-branches">1. Repositories and Branches</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository">How to get a Git repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-check-out">How to check out a different version of a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-commits">Understanding History: Commits</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-reachability">Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-diagrams">Understanding history: History diagrams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#what-is-a-branch">Understanding history: What is a branch?</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#manipulating-branches">Manipulating branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#detached-head">Examining an old version without creating a new branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-remote-branches">Examining branches from a remote repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-git-stores-references">Naming branches, tags, and other references</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">Updating a repository with git fetch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-branches">Fetching branches from other repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#exploring-git-history">2. Exploring Git history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-bisect">How to use bisect to find a regression</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#naming-commits">Naming commits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-tags">Creating tags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#browsing-revisions">Browsing revisions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-diffs">Generating diffs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#viewing-old-file-versions">Viewing old file versions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#counting-commits-on-a-branch">Counting the number of commits on a branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-equal-branches">Check whether two branches point at the same history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#finding-tagged-descendants">Find first tagged version including a given fix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">Showing commits unique to a given branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-a-release">Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Finding-commits-With-given-Content">Finding commits referencing a file with given content</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#Developing-With-git">3. Developing with Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#telling-git-your-name">Telling Git your name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-make-a-commit">How to make a commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-good-commit-messages">Creating good commit messages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ignoring-files">Ignoring files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-merge">How to merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#resolving-a-merge">Resolving a merge</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#conflict-resolution">Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#undoing-a-merge">Undoing a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fast-forwards">Fast-forward merges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-mistakes">Fixing mistakes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reverting-a-commit">Fixing a mistake with a new commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checkout-of-path">Checking out an old version of a file</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interrupted-work">Temporarily setting aside work in progress</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-good-performance">Ensuring good performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-reliability">Ensuring reliability</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-corruption">Checking the repository for corruption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-lost-changes">Recovering lost changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sharing-development">4. Sharing development with others</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#getting-updates-With-git-pull">Getting updates with git pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#submitting-patches">Submitting patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-patches">Importing patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#public-repositories">Public Git repositories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-public-repository">Setting up a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-git">Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-http">Exporting a git repository via HTTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">Pushing changes to a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-push">What to do when a push fails</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-shared-repository">Setting up a shared repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-gitweb">Allowing web browsing of a repository</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history">How to get a Git repository with minimal history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-development-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#maintaining-topic-branches">Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#cleaning-up-history">5. Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series">Creating the perfect patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-git-rebase">Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rewriting-one-commit">Rewriting a single commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reordering-patch-series">Reordering or selecting from a patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interactive-rebase">Using interactive rebases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series-tools">Other tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#problems-With-rewriting-history">Problems with rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bisect-merges">Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#advanced-branch-management">6. Advanced branch management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-individual-branches">Fetching individual branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetch-fast-forwards">git fetch and fast-forwards</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-fetch">Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#remote-branch-configuration">Configuring remote-tracking branches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#git-concepts">7. Git concepts</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-object-database">The Object Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#commit-object">Commit Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tree-object">Tree Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#blob-object">Blob Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#trust">Trust</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tag-object">Tag Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-files">How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dangling-objects">Dangling objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-from-repository-corruption">Recovering from repository corruption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-index">The index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submodules">8. Submodules</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pitfalls-with-submodules">Pitfalls with submodules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#low-level-operations">9. Low-level Git operations</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-manipulation">Object access and manipulation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-workflow">The Workflow</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#working-directory-to-index">working directory → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-object-database">index → object database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-database-to-index">object database → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-working-directory">index → working directory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tying-it-all-together">Tying it all together</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-the-data">Examining the data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees">Merging multiple trees</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees-2">Merging multiple trees, continued</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hacking-git">10. Hacking Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-details">Object storage format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#birdview-on-the-source-code">A birds-eye view of Git’s source code</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">11. Git Glossary</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#git-explained">Git explained</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#git-quick-start">A. Git Quick Reference</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quick-creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#managing-branches">Managing branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exploring-history">Exploring history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-changes">Making changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging">Merging</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-your-changes">Sharing your changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#repository-maintenance">Repository maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#todo">B. Notes and todo list for this manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#todo-list">Todo list</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="_introduction"></a>Introduction</h1></div></div></div><p>Git is a fast distributed revision control system.</p><p>This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX
 command-line skills, but no previous knowledge of Git.</p><p><a class="xref" href="#repositories-and-branches" title="Chapter 1. Repositories and Branches">Chapter 1, <i>Repositories and Branches</i></a> and <a class="xref" href="#exploring-git-history" title="Chapter 2. Exploring Git history">Chapter 2, <i>Exploring Git history</i></a> explain how
 to fetch and study a project using git—read these chapters to learn how
 to build and test a particular version of a software project, search for
author	Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>	2023-11-13 12:54:46 +0900
committer	Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>	2023-11-13 12:54:46 +0900
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