diff options
| author | Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> | 2024-01-29 16:11:49 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> | 2024-01-29 16:11:49 -0800 |
| commit | 8e76a3546f5ff1e72e03499bf10d4a05596b8b01 (patch) | |
| tree | 171efeb20609a603f1cf2e5a38beb99b15acdd17 | |
| parent | a2c58053d4692d5ecac8b0bf98bb211c2324912c (diff) | |
| download | git-htmldocs-8e76a3546f5ff1e72e03499bf10d4a05596b8b01.tar.gz | |
Autogenerated HTML docs for v2.43.0-473-gc5b454
50 files changed, 142 insertions, 73 deletions
diff --git a/MyFirstContribution.html b/MyFirstContribution.html index f8273eb19..2b5912ff8 100644 --- a/MyFirstContribution.html +++ b/MyFirstContribution.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>My First Contribution to the Git Project</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
@@ -775,8 +775,9 @@ announcements, design discussions, and more take place. Those interested in contributing are welcome to post questions here. The Git list requires
plain-text-only emails and prefers inline and bottom-posting when replying to
mail; you will be CC’d in all replies to you. Optionally, you can subscribe to
-the list by sending an email to <a href="mailto:majordomo@vger.kernel.org">majordomo@vger.kernel.org</a> with "subscribe git"
-in the body. The <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">archive</a> of this mailing list is
+the list by sending an email to <git+<a href="mailto:subscribe@vger.kernel.org">subscribe@vger.kernel.org</a>>
+(see <a href="https://subspace.kernel.org/subscribing.html">https://subspace.kernel.org/subscribing.html</a> for details).
+The <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">archive</a> of this mailing list is
available to view in a browser.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
@@ -2097,7 +2098,7 @@ should generate your diffs from <code><topic>..<mybranch></code> and <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2023-12-18 14:49:41 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:11 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/MyFirstContribution.txt b/MyFirstContribution.txt index 279f6a3e7..f06563e98 100644 --- a/MyFirstContribution.txt +++ b/MyFirstContribution.txt @@ -35,8 +35,9 @@ announcements, design discussions, and more take place. Those interested in contributing are welcome to post questions here. The Git list requires plain-text-only emails and prefers inline and bottom-posting when replying to mail; you will be CC'd in all replies to you. Optionally, you can subscribe to -the list by sending an email to majordomo@vger.kernel.org with "subscribe git" -in the body. The https://lore.kernel.org/git[archive] of this mailing list is +the list by sending an email to <git+subscribe@vger.kernel.org> +(see https://subspace.kernel.org/subscribing.html for details). +The https://lore.kernel.org/git[archive] of this mailing list is available to view in a browser. ==== https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/git-mentoring[git-mentoring@googlegroups.com] diff --git a/MyFirstObjectWalk.html b/MyFirstObjectWalk.html index 9ddc4e638..8297f59fc 100644 --- a/MyFirstObjectWalk.html +++ b/MyFirstObjectWalk.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>My First Object Walk</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
diff --git a/RelNotes/2.44.0.txt b/RelNotes/2.44.0.txt index 9db3ea824..8dcc97cfa 100644 --- a/RelNotes/2.44.0.txt +++ b/RelNotes/2.44.0.txt @@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ UI, Workflows & Features maintenance" wrote into a wrong "global config" file, which have been corrected. + * Define "special ref" as a very narrow set that consists of + FETCH_HEAD and MERGE_HEAD, and clarify everything else that used to + be classified as such are actually just pseudorefs. + Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. @@ -211,6 +215,16 @@ Fixes since v2.43 data from commit-graph too early, which has been corrected. (merge d70f554cdf jk/commit-graph-slab-clear-fix later to maint). + * Update to a new feature recently added, "git show-ref --exists". + (merge 0aabeaa562 tc/show-ref-exists-fix later to maint). + + * oss-fuzz tests are built and run in CI. + (merge c4a9cf1df3 js/oss-fuzz-build-in-ci later to maint). + + * Rename detection logic ignored the final line of a file if it is an + incomplete line. + (merge 1c5bc6971e en/diffcore-delta-final-line-fix later to maint). + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. (merge 50f1abcff6 js/packfile-h-typofix later to maint). (merge cbf498eb53 jb/reflog-expire-delete-dry-run-options later to maint). @@ -247,3 +261,5 @@ Fixes since v2.43 (merge 8f50984cf4 ne/doc-filter-blob-limit-fix later to maint). (merge f10b0989b8 la/strvec-comment-fix later to maint). (merge 8430b438f6 vd/fsck-submodule-url-test later to maint). + (merge f10031fadd nb/rebase-x-shell-docfix later to maint). + (merge af3d2c160f jc/majordomo-to-subspace later to maint). diff --git a/ReviewingGuidelines.html b/ReviewingGuidelines.html index fb1639c40..77e348a09 100644 --- a/ReviewingGuidelines.html +++ b/ReviewingGuidelines.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Reviewing Patches in the Git Project</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
diff --git a/SubmittingPatches.html b/SubmittingPatches.html index aed56494f..e43b1a5ce 100644 --- a/SubmittingPatches.html +++ b/SubmittingPatches.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Submitting Patches</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
diff --git a/ToolsForGit.html b/ToolsForGit.html index d8cff5827..e83ea334f 100644 --- a/ToolsForGit.html +++ b/ToolsForGit.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Tools for developing Git</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
diff --git a/everyday.html b/everyday.html index 3522b4529..a4dac775b 100644 --- a/everyday.html +++ b/everyday.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
diff --git a/git-rebase.html b/git-rebase.html index 067e046f5..63fbe15bc 100644 --- a/git-rebase.html +++ b/git-rebase.html @@ -2290,10 +2290,9 @@ exec cd subdir; make test <div class="paragraph"><p>The interactive rebase will stop when a command fails (i.e. exits with
non-0 status) to give you an opportunity to fix the problem. You can
continue with <code>git rebase --continue</code>.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the one specified
-in <code>$SHELL</code>, or the default shell if <code>$SHELL</code> is not set), so you can
-use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" …). The command is run from
-the root of the working tree.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the default one, usually
+/bin/sh), so you can use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" …). The command
+is run from the root of the working tree.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git rebase -i --exec "make test"</code></pre>
@@ -2811,7 +2810,7 @@ sequence.editor <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-16 12:41:37 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:11 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/git-rebase.txt b/git-rebase.txt index 8a8d32161..06206521f 100644 --- a/git-rebase.txt +++ b/git-rebase.txt @@ -966,10 +966,9 @@ The interactive rebase will stop when a command fails (i.e. exits with non-0 status) to give you an opportunity to fix the problem. You can continue with `git rebase --continue`. -The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the one specified -in `$SHELL`, or the default shell if `$SHELL` is not set), so you can -use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" ...). The command is run from -the root of the working tree. +The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the default one, usually +/bin/sh), so you can use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" ...). The command +is run from the root of the working tree. ---------------------------------- $ git rebase -i --exec "make test" diff --git a/git-remote-helpers.html b/git-remote-helpers.html index ced7978ff..64d90d1f9 100644 --- a/git-remote-helpers.html +++ b/git-remote-helpers.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-remote-helpers</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
diff --git a/gitglossary.html b/gitglossary.html index 38c2bba9e..9bd523c7a 100644 --- a/gitglossary.html +++ b/gitglossary.html @@ -1829,6 +1829,32 @@ The most notable example is <code>HEAD</code>.</p></div> </p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
+<a id="def_special_ref"></a>special ref
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+ A ref that has different semantics than normal refs. These refs can be
+ accessed via normal Git commands but may not behave the same as a
+ normal ref in some cases.
+</p>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The following special refs are known to Git:</p></div>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+"<code>FETCH_HEAD</code>" is written by <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> or <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>. It
+ may refer to multiple object IDs. Each object ID is annotated with metadata
+ indicating where it was fetched from and its fetch status.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+"<code>MERGE_HEAD</code>" is written by <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> when resolving merge
+ conflicts. It contains all commit IDs which are being merged.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1">
<a id="def_submodule"></a>submodule
</dt>
<dd>
diff --git a/glossary-content.txt b/glossary-content.txt index f7d98c11e..d71b19995 100644 --- a/glossary-content.txt +++ b/glossary-content.txt @@ -638,6 +638,20 @@ The most notable example is `HEAD`. An <<def_object,object>> used to temporarily store the contents of a <<def_dirty,dirty>> working directory and the index for future reuse. +[[def_special_ref]]special ref:: + A ref that has different semantics than normal refs. These refs can be + accessed via normal Git commands but may not behave the same as a + normal ref in some cases. ++ +The following special refs are known to Git: + + - "`FETCH_HEAD`" is written by linkgit:git-fetch[1] or linkgit:git-pull[1]. It + may refer to multiple object IDs. Each object ID is annotated with metadata + indicating where it was fetched from and its fetch status. + + - "`MERGE_HEAD`" is written by linkgit:git-merge[1] when resolving merge + conflicts. It contains all commit IDs which are being merged. + [[def_submodule]]submodule:: A <<def_repository,repository>> that holds the history of a separate project inside another repository (the latter of diff --git a/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html b/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html index 8abc4517f..5d9114a86 100644 --- a/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html +++ b/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html @@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ Thanks, <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:48 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html b/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html index 33f2cef61..dc653e135 100644 --- a/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html +++ b/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Keep authoritative canonical history correct with git pull</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ tip of your <em>master</em> again and redo the two merges:</p></div> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:48 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/maintain-git.html b/howto/maintain-git.html index aa3fdc8b6..3e536ca74 100644 --- a/howto/maintain-git.html +++ b/howto/maintain-git.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to maintain Git</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ $ git update-ref -d $mf/ai/topic</code></pre> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:48 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/new-command.html b/howto/new-command.html index 8394cc17c..0e5cc5b42 100644 --- a/howto/new-command.html +++ b/howto/new-command.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to integrate new subcommands</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ letter [PATCH 0/n]. <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:55 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:46 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html b/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html index 88efaef66..d72293da4 100644 --- a/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html +++ b/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to rebase from an internal branch</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ the #1' commit.</p></div> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:48 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html b/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html index b224648c0..d3d897a8d 100644 --- a/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html +++ b/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to rebuild from update hook</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ This is still crude and does not protect against simultaneous <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:48 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html b/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html index 1e2e7c57d..5c03563a4 100644 --- a/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html +++ b/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to recover a corrupted blob object</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ thing.</p></div> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:47 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html b/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html index 45f7cc383..8b200d790 100644 --- a/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html +++ b/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to recover an object from scratch</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:47 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html b/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html index ba3ab9e1b..e26b4da93 100644 --- a/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html +++ b/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to revert a faulty merge</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---M2 <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:56 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:47 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html b/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html index 9fce20785..30906d933 100644 --- a/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html +++ b/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to revert an existing commit</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ Committed merge 7fb9b7262a1d1e0a47bbfdcbbcf50ce0635d3f8f <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:55 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:46 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/separating-topic-branches.html b/howto/separating-topic-branches.html index 67fea336b..ffa1c294a 100644 --- a/howto/separating-topic-branches.html +++ b/howto/separating-topic-branches.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to separate topic branches</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ o---o"master"</code></pre> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:55 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:47 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html b/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html index 37765158b..28d47b48d 100644 --- a/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html +++ b/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to setup Git server over http</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ help diagnosing the problem, but removes security checks.</p></div> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:55 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:47 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/update-hook-example.html b/howto/update-hook-example.html index 0fe5c49ff..d462d452b 100644 --- a/howto/update-hook-example.html +++ b/howto/update-hook-example.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to use the update hook</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ that JC can make non-fast-forward pushes on it.</p></div> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:55 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:47 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/use-git-daemon.html b/howto/use-git-daemon.html index 64cc73b15..98f35eace 100644 --- a/howto/use-git-daemon.html +++ b/howto/use-git-daemon.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to use git-daemon</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ a good practice to put the paths after a "--" separator.</p></div> <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:55 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:46 PST
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/howto/using-merge-subtree.html b/howto/using-merge-subtree.html index bcbde2dcf..7cf42f754 100644 --- a/howto/using-merge-subtree.html +++ b/howto/using-merge-subtree.html @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install(); <body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>How to use the subtree merge strategy</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2024-01-26</span>
+<span id="revdate">2024-01-29</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ Please note that if the other project merges from you, then it will <div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated
- 2024-01-26 14:40:55 PST
+ 2024-01-29 16:09:46 PST
</div>
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diff --git a/user-manual.html b/user-manual.html index ac9b94af6..3d51482a5 100644 --- a/user-manual.html +++ b/user-manual.html @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> -<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Git User Manual</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-xsl.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div lang="en" class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id-1"></a>Git User Manual</h1></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table style="border-style:solid; width:100%;" summary="Revision History"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">2024-01-26</td></tr></table></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#repositories-and-branches">1. Repositories and Branches</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository">How to get a Git repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-check-out">How to check out a different version of a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-commits">Understanding History: Commits</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-reachability">Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-diagrams">Understanding history: History diagrams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#what-is-a-branch">Understanding history: What is a branch?</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#manipulating-branches">Manipulating branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#detached-head">Examining an old version without creating a new branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-remote-branches">Examining branches from a remote repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-git-stores-references">Naming branches, tags, and other references</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">Updating a repository with git fetch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-branches">Fetching branches from other repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#exploring-git-history">2. Exploring Git history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-bisect">How to use bisect to find a regression</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#naming-commits">Naming commits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-tags">Creating tags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#browsing-revisions">Browsing revisions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-diffs">Generating diffs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#viewing-old-file-versions">Viewing old file versions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#counting-commits-on-a-branch">Counting the number of commits on a branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-equal-branches">Check whether two branches point at the same history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#finding-tagged-descendants">Find first tagged version including a given fix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">Showing commits unique to a given branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-a-release">Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Finding-commits-With-given-Content">Finding commits referencing a file with given content</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#Developing-With-git">3. Developing with Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#telling-git-your-name">Telling Git your name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-make-a-commit">How to make a commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-good-commit-messages">Creating good commit messages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ignoring-files">Ignoring files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-merge">How to merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#resolving-a-merge">Resolving a merge</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#conflict-resolution">Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#undoing-a-merge">Undoing a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fast-forwards">Fast-forward merges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-mistakes">Fixing mistakes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reverting-a-commit">Fixing a mistake with a new commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checkout-of-path">Checking out an old version of a file</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interrupted-work">Temporarily setting aside work in progress</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-good-performance">Ensuring good performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-reliability">Ensuring reliability</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-corruption">Checking the repository for corruption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-lost-changes">Recovering lost changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sharing-development">4. Sharing development with others</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#getting-updates-With-git-pull">Getting updates with git pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#submitting-patches">Submitting patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-patches">Importing patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#public-repositories">Public Git repositories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-public-repository">Setting up a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-git">Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-http">Exporting a git repository via HTTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">Pushing changes to a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-push">What to do when a push fails</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-shared-repository">Setting up a shared repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-gitweb">Allowing web browsing of a repository</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history">How to get a Git repository with minimal history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-development-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#maintaining-topic-branches">Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#cleaning-up-history">5. Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series">Creating the perfect patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-git-rebase">Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rewriting-one-commit">Rewriting a single commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reordering-patch-series">Reordering or selecting from a patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interactive-rebase">Using interactive rebases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series-tools">Other tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#problems-With-rewriting-history">Problems with rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bisect-merges">Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#advanced-branch-management">6. Advanced branch management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-individual-branches">Fetching individual branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetch-fast-forwards">git fetch and fast-forwards</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-fetch">Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#remote-branch-configuration">Configuring remote-tracking branches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#git-concepts">7. Git concepts</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-object-database">The Object Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#commit-object">Commit Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tree-object">Tree Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#blob-object">Blob Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#trust">Trust</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tag-object">Tag Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-files">How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dangling-objects">Dangling objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-from-repository-corruption">Recovering from repository corruption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-index">The index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submodules">8. Submodules</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pitfalls-with-submodules">Pitfalls with submodules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#low-level-operations">9. Low-level Git operations</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-manipulation">Object access and manipulation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-workflow">The Workflow</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#working-directory-to-index">working directory → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-object-database">index → object database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-database-to-index">object database → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-working-directory">index → working directory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tying-it-all-together">Tying it all together</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-the-data">Examining the data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees">Merging multiple trees</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees-2">Merging multiple trees, continued</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hacking-git">10. Hacking Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-details">Object storage format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#birdview-on-the-source-code">A birds-eye view of Git’s source code</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">11. Git Glossary</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#git-explained">Git explained</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#git-quick-start">A. Git Quick Reference</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quick-creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#managing-branches">Managing branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exploring-history">Exploring history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-changes">Making changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging">Merging</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-your-changes">Sharing your changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#repository-maintenance">Repository maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#todo">B. Notes and todo list for this manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#todo-list">Todo list</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="_introduction"></a>Introduction</h1></div></div></div><p>Git is a fast distributed revision control system.</p><p>This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX +<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Git User Manual</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-xsl.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div lang="en" class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id-1"></a>Git User Manual</h1></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table style="border-style:solid; width:100%;" summary="Revision History"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">2024-01-29</td></tr></table></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#repositories-and-branches">1. Repositories and Branches</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository">How to get a Git repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-check-out">How to check out a different version of a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-commits">Understanding History: Commits</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-reachability">Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-diagrams">Understanding history: History diagrams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#what-is-a-branch">Understanding history: What is a branch?</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#manipulating-branches">Manipulating branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#detached-head">Examining an old version without creating a new branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-remote-branches">Examining branches from a remote repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-git-stores-references">Naming branches, tags, and other references</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">Updating a repository with git fetch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-branches">Fetching branches from other repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#exploring-git-history">2. Exploring Git history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-bisect">How to use bisect to find a regression</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#naming-commits">Naming commits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-tags">Creating tags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#browsing-revisions">Browsing revisions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-diffs">Generating diffs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#viewing-old-file-versions">Viewing old file versions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#counting-commits-on-a-branch">Counting the number of commits on a branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-equal-branches">Check whether two branches point at the same history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#finding-tagged-descendants">Find first tagged version including a given fix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">Showing commits unique to a given branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-a-release">Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Finding-commits-With-given-Content">Finding commits referencing a file with given content</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#Developing-With-git">3. Developing with Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#telling-git-your-name">Telling Git your name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-make-a-commit">How to make a commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-good-commit-messages">Creating good commit messages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ignoring-files">Ignoring files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-merge">How to merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#resolving-a-merge">Resolving a merge</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#conflict-resolution">Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#undoing-a-merge">Undoing a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fast-forwards">Fast-forward merges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-mistakes">Fixing mistakes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reverting-a-commit">Fixing a mistake with a new commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checkout-of-path">Checking out an old version of a file</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interrupted-work">Temporarily setting aside work in progress</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-good-performance">Ensuring good performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-reliability">Ensuring reliability</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-corruption">Checking the repository for corruption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-lost-changes">Recovering lost changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sharing-development">4. Sharing development with others</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#getting-updates-With-git-pull">Getting updates with git pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#submitting-patches">Submitting patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-patches">Importing patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#public-repositories">Public Git repositories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-public-repository">Setting up a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-git">Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-http">Exporting a git repository via HTTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">Pushing changes to a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-push">What to do when a push fails</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-shared-repository">Setting up a shared repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-gitweb">Allowing web browsing of a repository</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history">How to get a Git repository with minimal history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-development-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#maintaining-topic-branches">Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#cleaning-up-history">5. Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series">Creating the perfect patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-git-rebase">Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rewriting-one-commit">Rewriting a single commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reordering-patch-series">Reordering or selecting from a patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interactive-rebase">Using interactive rebases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series-tools">Other tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#problems-With-rewriting-history">Problems with rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bisect-merges">Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#advanced-branch-management">6. Advanced branch management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-individual-branches">Fetching individual branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetch-fast-forwards">git fetch and fast-forwards</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-fetch">Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#remote-branch-configuration">Configuring remote-tracking branches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#git-concepts">7. Git concepts</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-object-database">The Object Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#commit-object">Commit Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tree-object">Tree Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#blob-object">Blob Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#trust">Trust</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tag-object">Tag Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-files">How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dangling-objects">Dangling objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-from-repository-corruption">Recovering from repository corruption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-index">The index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submodules">8. Submodules</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pitfalls-with-submodules">Pitfalls with submodules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#low-level-operations">9. Low-level Git operations</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-manipulation">Object access and manipulation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-workflow">The Workflow</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#working-directory-to-index">working directory → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-object-database">index → object database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-database-to-index">object database → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-working-directory">index → working directory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tying-it-all-together">Tying it all together</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-the-data">Examining the data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees">Merging multiple trees</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees-2">Merging multiple trees, continued</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hacking-git">10. Hacking Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-details">Object storage format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#birdview-on-the-source-code">A birds-eye view of Git’s source code</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">11. Git Glossary</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#git-explained">Git explained</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#git-quick-start">A. Git Quick Reference</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quick-creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#managing-branches">Managing branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exploring-history">Exploring history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-changes">Making changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging">Merging</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-your-changes">Sharing your changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#repository-maintenance">Repository maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#todo">B. Notes and todo list for this manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#todo-list">Todo list</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="_introduction"></a>Introduction</h1></div></div></div><p>Git is a fast distributed revision control system.</p><p>This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX command-line skills, but no previous knowledge of Git.</p><p><a class="xref" href="#repositories-and-branches" title="Chapter 1. Repositories and Branches">Chapter 1, <i>Repositories and Branches</i></a> and <a class="xref" href="#exploring-git-history" title="Chapter 2. Exploring Git history">Chapter 2, <i>Exploring Git history</i></a> explain how to fetch and study a project using git—read these chapters to learn how to build and test a particular version of a software project, search for @@ -2645,6 +2645,19 @@ The most notable example is <code class="literal">HEAD</code>.</p></dd><dt><span An <a class="link" href="#def_object">object</a> used to temporarily store the contents of a <a class="link" href="#def_dirty">dirty</a> working directory and the index for future reuse. </dd><dt><span class="term"> +<a name="def_special_ref"></a>special ref +</span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> + A ref that has different semantics than normal refs. These refs can be + accessed via normal Git commands but may not behave the same as a + normal ref in some cases. +</p><p class="simpara">The following special refs are known to Git:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> +"<code class="literal">FETCH_HEAD</code>" is written by <a class="ulink" href="git-fetch.html" target="_top">git-fetch(1)</a> or <a class="ulink" href="git-pull.html" target="_top">git-pull(1)</a>. It + may refer to multiple object IDs. Each object ID is annotated with metadata + indicating where it was fetched from and its fetch status. +</li><li class="listitem"> +"<code class="literal">MERGE_HEAD</code>" is written by <a class="ulink" href="git-merge.html" target="_top">git-merge(1)</a> when resolving merge + conflicts. It contains all commit IDs which are being merged. +</li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <a name="def_submodule"></a>submodule </span></dt><dd> A <a class="link" href="#def_repository">repository</a> that holds the history of a |