Autogenerated HTML docs for v2.41.0-363-g5e23854

author: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> 2023-07-17 11:53:55 -0700
committer: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> 2023-07-17 11:53:55 -0700
commit: 664184ae2c210be09a0d88d5ea2c36ef9856c0ae (patch)
tree: b55e3375b573d8f799527cf2aa7f37ce21ca40d7
parent: d7fd8cc693c107450d3f5e292382f03217acdc1e (diff)
download: git-htmldocs-664184ae2c210be09a0d88d5ea2c36ef9856c0ae.tar.gz
45 files changed, 116 insertions, 74 deletions
diff --git a/MyFirstContribution.html b/MyFirstContribution.html
index 5bc474777..dbae27e3b 100644
--- a/MyFirstContribution.html
+++ b/MyFirstContribution.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>My First Contribution to the Git Project</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/MyFirstObjectWalk.html b/MyFirstObjectWalk.html
index 264a831d3..e9e6052ef 100644
--- a/MyFirstObjectWalk.html
+++ b/MyFirstObjectWalk.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>My First Object Walk</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
@@ -794,6 +794,7 @@ Open up a new file <code>builtin/walken.c</code> and set up the command handler:
  */
 
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "trace.h"
 
 int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
@@ -806,12 +807,13 @@ int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 <td class="icon">
 <div class="title">Note</div>
 </td>
-<td class="content"><code>trace_printf()</code> differs from <code>printf()</code> in that it can be turned on or
-off at runtime. For the purposes of this tutorial, we will write <code>walken</code> as
-though it is intended for use as a "plumbing" command: that is, a command which
-is used primarily in scripts, rather than interactively by humans (a "porcelain"
-command). So we will send our debug output to <code>trace_printf()</code> instead. When
-running, enable trace output by setting the environment variable <code>GIT_TRACE</code>.</td>
+<td class="content"><code>trace_printf()</code>, defined in <code>trace.h</code>, differs from <code>printf()</code> in
+that it can be turned on or off at runtime. For the purposes of this
+tutorial, we will write <code>walken</code> as though it is intended for use as
+a "plumbing" command: that is, a command which is used primarily in
+scripts, rather than interactively by humans (a "porcelain" command).
+So we will send our debug output to <code>trace_printf()</code> instead.
+When running, enable trace output by setting the environment variable <code>GIT_TRACE</code>.</td>
 </tr></table>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Add usage text and <code>-h</code> handling, like all subcommands should consistently do
@@ -1128,7 +1130,11 @@ the walk loop below the <code>prepare_revision_walk()</code> call within your
 <code>walken_commit_walk()</code>:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
-<pre><code>static void walken_commit_walk(struct rev_info *rev)
+<pre><code>#include "pretty.h"
+
+...
+
+static void walken_commit_walk(struct rev_info *rev)
 {
         struct commit *commit;
         struct strbuf prettybuf = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -1568,7 +1574,11 @@ reachable objects are walked in order to populate the list.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>First, add the <code>struct oidset</code> and related items we will use to iterate it:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
-<pre><code>static void walken_object_walk(
+<pre><code>#include "oidset.h"
+
+...
+
+static void walken_object_walk(
         ...
 
         struct oidset omitted;
@@ -1616,7 +1626,11 @@ just walks of commits. First, we&#8217;ll make our handlers chattier - modify
 go:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
-<pre><code>static void walken_show_commit(struct commit *cmt, void *buf)
+<pre><code>#include "hex.h"
+
+...
+
+static void walken_show_commit(struct commit *cmt, void *buf)
 {
         trace_printf("commit: %s\n", oid_to_hex(&amp;cmt-&gt;object.oid));
         commit_count++;
@@ -1723,7 +1737,7 @@ Changed the display order of the filtered object walk
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-06-30 12:48:29 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:51:48 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt b/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt
index 200e628e3..c68cdb11b 100644
--- a/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt
+++ b/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ Open up a new file `builtin/walken.c` and set up the command handler:
  */
 
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "trace.h"
 
 int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
@@ -49,12 +50,13 @@ int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 }
 ----
 
-NOTE: `trace_printf()` differs from `printf()` in that it can be turned on or
-off at runtime. For the purposes of this tutorial, we will write `walken` as
-though it is intended for use as a "plumbing" command: that is, a command which
-is used primarily in scripts, rather than interactively by humans (a "porcelain"
-command). So we will send our debug output to `trace_printf()` instead. When
-running, enable trace output by setting the environment variable `GIT_TRACE`.
+NOTE: `trace_printf()`, defined in `trace.h`, differs from `printf()` in
+that it can be turned on or off at runtime. For the purposes of this
+tutorial, we will write `walken` as though it is intended for use as
+a "plumbing" command: that is, a command which is used primarily in
+scripts, rather than interactively by humans (a "porcelain" command).
+So we will send our debug output to `trace_printf()` instead.
+When running, enable trace output by setting the environment variable `GIT_TRACE`.
 
 Add usage text and `-h` handling, like all subcommands should consistently do
 (our test suite will notice and complain if you fail to do so).
@@ -341,6 +343,10 @@ the walk loop below the `prepare_revision_walk()` call within your
 `walken_commit_walk()`:
 
 ----
+#include "pretty.h"
+
+...
+
 static void walken_commit_walk(struct rev_info *rev)
 {
 	struct commit *commit;
@@ -754,6 +760,10 @@ reachable objects are walked in order to populate the list.
 First, add the `struct oidset` and related items we will use to iterate it:
 
 ----
+#include "oidset.h"
+
+...
+
 static void walken_object_walk(
 	...
 
@@ -805,6 +815,10 @@ just walks of commits. First, we'll make our handlers chattier - modify
 go:
 
 ----
+#include "hex.h"
+
+...
+
 static void walken_show_commit(struct commit *cmt, void *buf)
 {
 	trace_printf("commit: %s\n", oid_to_hex(&cmt->object.oid));
diff --git a/RelNotes/2.42.0.txt b/RelNotes/2.42.0.txt
index 9d8e50a5d..fac88307f 100644
--- a/RelNotes/2.42.0.txt
+++ b/RelNotes/2.42.0.txt
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ UI, Workflows & Features
  * The "git for-each-ref" family of commands learned placeholders
    related to GPG signature verification.
 
+ * "git diff --no-index" learned to read from named pipes as if they
+   were regular files, to allow "git diff <(process) <(substitution)"
+   some shells support.
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -166,6 +170,15 @@ Fixes since v2.41
    has been corrected.
    (merge 1aa92b8500 ma/t0091-fixup later to maint).
 
+ * Code snippets in a tutorial document no longer compiled after
+   recent header shuffling, which have been corrected.
+   (merge bbd7c7b7c0 vd/adjust-mfow-doc-to-updated-headers later to maint).
+
+ * "git ls-files '(attr:X)D/'" that triggers the common prefix
+   optimization codepath failed to read from "D/.gitattributes",
+   which has been corrected.
+   (merge f4a8fde057 jc/pathspec-match-with-common-prefix later to maint).
+
  * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
    (merge 51f9d2e563 sa/doc-ls-remote later to maint).
    (merge c6d26a9dda jk/format-patch-message-id-unleak later to maint).
@@ -187,3 +200,4 @@ Fixes since v2.41
    (merge d4f28279ad jc/doc-hash-object-types later to maint).
    (merge 1876a5ae15 ks/t4205-test-describe-with-abbrev-fix later to maint).
    (merge 6e6a529b57 jk/fsck-indices-in-worktrees later to maint).
+   (merge 3e81b896f7 rs/packet-length-simplify later to maint).
diff --git a/ReviewingGuidelines.html b/ReviewingGuidelines.html
index 78093bb57..25b7765a3 100644
--- a/ReviewingGuidelines.html
+++ b/ReviewingGuidelines.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Reviewing Patches in the Git Project</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/SubmittingPatches.html b/SubmittingPatches.html
index 571aa967b..82477d29b 100644
--- a/SubmittingPatches.html
+++ b/SubmittingPatches.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Submitting Patches</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/ToolsForGit.html b/ToolsForGit.html
index 6b3d8bc3d..0abafa4eb 100644
--- a/ToolsForGit.html
+++ b/ToolsForGit.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Tools for developing Git</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
diff --git a/everyday.html b/everyday.html
index 30b72db85..dfbe0bc75 100644
--- a/everyday.html
+++ b/everyday.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
diff --git a/git-remote-helpers.html b/git-remote-helpers.html
index 22d1c46e8..0cacc6506 100644
--- a/git-remote-helpers.html
+++ b/git-remote-helpers.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>git-remote-helpers</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
diff --git a/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html b/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html
index a65e0d156..16375abd1 100644
--- a/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html
+++ b/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.html
@@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ Thanks,
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:13 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:21 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html b/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html
index 74b9e05d5..48eb6fe72 100644
--- a/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html
+++ b/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>Keep authoritative canonical history correct with git pull</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ tip of your <em>master</em> again and redo the two merges:</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:13 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:21 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/maintain-git.html b/howto/maintain-git.html
index 56360450f..d6d22a6ed 100644
--- a/howto/maintain-git.html
+++ b/howto/maintain-git.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to maintain Git</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ $ git update-ref -d $mf/ai/topic</code></pre>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:13 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:21 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/new-command.html b/howto/new-command.html
index 5dcbac51f..c957a88b0 100644
--- a/howto/new-command.html
+++ b/howto/new-command.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to integrate new subcommands</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ letter [PATCH 0/n].
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:11 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:19 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html b/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html
index f6ce491ba..6c94f58c6 100644
--- a/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html
+++ b/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to rebase from an internal branch</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ the #1' commit.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:13 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:21 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html b/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html
index 0450ba6a6..5c081ce6f 100644
--- a/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html
+++ b/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to rebuild from update hook</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ This is still crude and does not protect against simultaneous
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:13 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:21 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html b/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html
index 57c92a00e..cab92a651 100644
--- a/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html
+++ b/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to recover a corrupted blob object</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ thing.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:12 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:20 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html b/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html
index 01735c3df..d959c2e66 100644
--- a/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html
+++ b/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to recover an object from scratch</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:13 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:20 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html b/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html
index 36595ece8..fe121061b 100644
--- a/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html
+++ b/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to revert a faulty merge</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---M2
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:12 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:20 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html b/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html
index 0b157dc29..8ea235816 100644
--- a/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html
+++ b/howto/revert-branch-rebase.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to revert an existing commit</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ Committed merge 7fb9b7262a1d1e0a47bbfdcbbcf50ce0635d3f8f
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:11 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:19 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/separating-topic-branches.html b/howto/separating-topic-branches.html
index 6582ef095..636601eb2 100644
--- a/howto/separating-topic-branches.html
+++ b/howto/separating-topic-branches.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to separate topic branches</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ o---o"master"</code></pre>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:12 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:20 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html b/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html
index 521cb5f9c..63655354a 100644
--- a/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html
+++ b/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to setup Git server over http</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@ help diagnosing the problem, but removes security checks.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:12 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:20 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/update-hook-example.html b/howto/update-hook-example.html
index c2c0f0df1..8c22a4c75 100644
--- a/howto/update-hook-example.html
+++ b/howto/update-hook-example.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to use the update hook</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ that JC can make non-fast-forward pushes on it.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:12 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:20 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/use-git-daemon.html b/howto/use-git-daemon.html
index e47d30848..7b4fde5ea 100644
--- a/howto/use-git-daemon.html
+++ b/howto/use-git-daemon.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to use git-daemon</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ a good practice to put the paths after a "--" separator.</p></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:12 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:20 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
diff --git a/howto/using-merge-subtree.html b/howto/using-merge-subtree.html
index a545ca2be..bfde7f524 100644
--- a/howto/using-merge-subtree.html
+++ b/howto/using-merge-subtree.html
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ asciidoc.install();
 <body class="article">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>How to use the subtree merge strategy</h1>
-<span id="revdate">2023-07-14</span>
+<span id="revdate">2023-07-17</span>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ Please note that if the other project merges from you, then it will
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
- 2023-07-14 11:45:11 PDT
+ 2023-07-17 11:52:19 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
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 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
-<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Git User Manual</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-xsl.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div lang="en" class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id-1"></a>Git User Manual</h1></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table style="border-style:solid; width:100%;" summary="Revision History"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">2023-07-14</td></tr></table></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#repositories-and-branches">1. Repositories and Branches</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository">How to get a Git repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-check-out">How to check out a different version of a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-commits">Understanding History: Commits</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-reachability">Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-diagrams">Understanding history: History diagrams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#what-is-a-branch">Understanding history: What is a branch?</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#manipulating-branches">Manipulating branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#detached-head">Examining an old version without creating a new branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-remote-branches">Examining branches from a remote repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-git-stores-references">Naming branches, tags, and other references</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">Updating a repository with git fetch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-branches">Fetching branches from other repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#exploring-git-history">2. Exploring Git history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-bisect">How to use bisect to find a regression</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#naming-commits">Naming commits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-tags">Creating tags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#browsing-revisions">Browsing revisions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-diffs">Generating diffs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#viewing-old-file-versions">Viewing old file versions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#counting-commits-on-a-branch">Counting the number of commits on a branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-equal-branches">Check whether two branches point at the same history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#finding-tagged-descendants">Find first tagged version including a given fix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">Showing commits unique to a given branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-a-release">Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Finding-commits-With-given-Content">Finding commits referencing a file with given content</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#Developing-With-git">3. Developing with Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#telling-git-your-name">Telling Git your name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-make-a-commit">How to make a commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-good-commit-messages">Creating good commit messages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ignoring-files">Ignoring files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-merge">How to merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#resolving-a-merge">Resolving a merge</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#conflict-resolution">Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#undoing-a-merge">Undoing a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fast-forwards">Fast-forward merges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-mistakes">Fixing mistakes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reverting-a-commit">Fixing a mistake with a new commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checkout-of-path">Checking out an old version of a file</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interrupted-work">Temporarily setting aside work in progress</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-good-performance">Ensuring good performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-reliability">Ensuring reliability</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-corruption">Checking the repository for corruption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-lost-changes">Recovering lost changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sharing-development">4. Sharing development with others</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#getting-updates-With-git-pull">Getting updates with git pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#submitting-patches">Submitting patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-patches">Importing patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#public-repositories">Public Git repositories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-public-repository">Setting up a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-git">Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-http">Exporting a git repository via HTTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">Pushing changes to a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-push">What to do when a push fails</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-shared-repository">Setting up a shared repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-gitweb">Allowing web browsing of a repository</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history">How to get a Git repository with minimal history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-development-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#maintaining-topic-branches">Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#cleaning-up-history">5. Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series">Creating the perfect patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-git-rebase">Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rewriting-one-commit">Rewriting a single commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reordering-patch-series">Reordering or selecting from a patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interactive-rebase">Using interactive rebases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series-tools">Other tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#problems-With-rewriting-history">Problems with rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bisect-merges">Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#advanced-branch-management">6. Advanced branch management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-individual-branches">Fetching individual branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetch-fast-forwards">git fetch and fast-forwards</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-fetch">Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#remote-branch-configuration">Configuring remote-tracking branches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#git-concepts">7. Git concepts</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-object-database">The Object Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#commit-object">Commit Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tree-object">Tree Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#blob-object">Blob Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#trust">Trust</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tag-object">Tag Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-files">How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dangling-objects">Dangling objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-from-repository-corruption">Recovering from repository corruption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-index">The index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submodules">8. Submodules</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pitfalls-with-submodules">Pitfalls with submodules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#low-level-operations">9. Low-level Git operations</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-manipulation">Object access and manipulation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-workflow">The Workflow</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#working-directory-to-index">working directory → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-object-database">index → object database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-database-to-index">object database → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-working-directory">index → working directory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tying-it-all-together">Tying it all together</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-the-data">Examining the data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees">Merging multiple trees</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees-2">Merging multiple trees, continued</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hacking-git">10. Hacking Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-details">Object storage format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#birdview-on-the-source-code">A birds-eye view of Git’s source code</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">11. Git Glossary</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#git-explained">Git explained</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#git-quick-start">A. Git Quick Reference</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quick-creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#managing-branches">Managing branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exploring-history">Exploring history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-changes">Making changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging">Merging</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-your-changes">Sharing your changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#repository-maintenance">Repository maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#todo">B. Notes and todo list for this manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#todo-list">Todo list</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="_introduction"></a>Introduction</h1></div></div></div><p>Git is a fast distributed revision control system.</p><p>This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX
+<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Git User Manual</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-xsl.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div lang="en" class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id-1"></a>Git User Manual</h1></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table style="border-style:solid; width:100%;" summary="Revision History"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">2023-07-17</td></tr></table></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#repositories-and-branches">1. Repositories and Branches</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository">How to get a Git repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-check-out">How to check out a different version of a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-commits">Understanding History: Commits</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#understanding-reachability">Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-diagrams">Understanding history: History diagrams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#what-is-a-branch">Understanding history: What is a branch?</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#manipulating-branches">Manipulating branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#detached-head">Examining an old version without creating a new branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-remote-branches">Examining branches from a remote repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-git-stores-references">Naming branches, tags, and other references</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">Updating a repository with git fetch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-branches">Fetching branches from other repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#exploring-git-history">2. Exploring Git history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-bisect">How to use bisect to find a regression</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#naming-commits">Naming commits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-tags">Creating tags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#browsing-revisions">Browsing revisions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-diffs">Generating diffs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#viewing-old-file-versions">Viewing old file versions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#history-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#counting-commits-on-a-branch">Counting the number of commits on a branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-equal-branches">Check whether two branches point at the same history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#finding-tagged-descendants">Find first tagged version including a given fix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">Showing commits unique to a given branch</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-a-release">Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Finding-commits-With-given-Content">Finding commits referencing a file with given content</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#Developing-With-git">3. Developing with Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#telling-git-your-name">Telling Git your name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-make-a-commit">How to make a commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#creating-good-commit-messages">Creating good commit messages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ignoring-files">Ignoring files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-merge">How to merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#resolving-a-merge">Resolving a merge</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#conflict-resolution">Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#undoing-a-merge">Undoing a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fast-forwards">Fast-forward merges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-mistakes">Fixing mistakes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reverting-a-commit">Fixing a mistake with a new commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checkout-of-path">Checking out an old version of a file</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interrupted-work">Temporarily setting aside work in progress</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-good-performance">Ensuring good performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ensuring-reliability">Ensuring reliability</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#checking-for-corruption">Checking the repository for corruption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-lost-changes">Recovering lost changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sharing-development">4. Sharing development with others</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#getting-updates-With-git-pull">Getting updates with git pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#submitting-patches">Submitting patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-patches">Importing patches to a project</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#public-repositories">Public Git repositories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-public-repository">Setting up a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-git">Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exporting-via-http">Exporting a git repository via HTTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">Pushing changes to a public repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-push">What to do when a push fails</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-a-shared-repository">Setting up a shared repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setting-up-gitweb">Allowing web browsing of a repository</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history">How to get a Git repository with minimal history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-development-examples">Examples</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#maintaining-topic-branches">Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#cleaning-up-history">5. Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series">Creating the perfect patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#using-git-rebase">Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rewriting-one-commit">Rewriting a single commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reordering-patch-series">Reordering or selecting from a patch series</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#interactive-rebase">Using interactive rebases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#patch-series-tools">Other tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#problems-With-rewriting-history">Problems with rewriting history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bisect-merges">Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#advanced-branch-management">6. Advanced branch management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetching-individual-branches">Fetching individual branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fetch-fast-forwards">git fetch and fast-forwards</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#forcing-fetch">Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#remote-branch-configuration">Configuring remote-tracking branches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#git-concepts">7. Git concepts</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-object-database">The Object Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#commit-object">Commit Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tree-object">Tree Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#blob-object">Blob Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#trust">Trust</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tag-object">Tag Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-files">How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dangling-objects">Dangling objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recovering-from-repository-corruption">Recovering from repository corruption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-index">The index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#submodules">8. Submodules</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pitfalls-with-submodules">Pitfalls with submodules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#low-level-operations">9. Low-level Git operations</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-manipulation">Object access and manipulation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-workflow">The Workflow</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#working-directory-to-index">working directory → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-object-database">index → object database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-database-to-index">object database → index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#index-to-working-directory">index → working directory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tying-it-all-together">Tying it all together</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#examining-the-data">Examining the data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees">Merging multiple trees</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging-multiple-trees-2">Merging multiple trees, continued</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hacking-git">10. Hacking Git</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#object-details">Object storage format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#birdview-on-the-source-code">A birds-eye view of Git’s source code</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">11. Git Glossary</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#git-explained">Git explained</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#git-quick-start">A. Git Quick Reference</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quick-creating-a-new-repository">Creating a new repository</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#managing-branches">Managing branches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#exploring-history">Exploring history</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#making-changes">Making changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#merging">Merging</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharing-your-changes">Sharing your changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#repository-maintenance">Repository maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#todo">B. Notes and todo list for this manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#todo-list">Todo list</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="_introduction"></a>Introduction</h1></div></div></div><p>Git is a fast distributed revision control system.</p><p>This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX
 command-line skills, but no previous knowledge of Git.</p><p><a class="xref" href="#repositories-and-branches" title="Chapter 1. Repositories and Branches">Chapter 1, <i>Repositories and Branches</i></a> and <a class="xref" href="#exploring-git-history" title="Chapter 2. Exploring Git history">Chapter 2, <i>Exploring Git history</i></a> explain how
 to fetch and study a project using git—read these chapters to learn how
 to build and test a particular version of a software project, search for
author	Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>	2023-07-17 11:53:55 -0700
committer	Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>	2023-07-17 11:53:55 -0700
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