core/slice/iter/

macros.rs

//! Macros used by iterators of slice.

/// Convenience & performance macro for consuming the `end_or_len` field, by
/// giving a `(&mut) usize` or `(&mut) NonNull<T>` depending whether `T` is
/// or is not a ZST respectively.
///
/// Internally, this reads the `end` through a pointer-to-`NonNull` so that
/// it'll get the appropriate non-null metadata in the backend without needing
/// to call `assume` manually.
macro_rules! if_zst {
    (mut $this:ident, $len:ident => $zst_body:expr, $end:ident => $other_body:expr,) => {{
        #![allow(unused_unsafe)] // we're sometimes used within an unsafe block

        if T::IS_ZST {
            // SAFETY: for ZSTs, the pointer is storing a provenance-free length,
            // so consuming and updating it as a `usize` is fine.
            let $len = unsafe { &mut *(&raw mut $this.end_or_len).cast::<usize>() };
            $zst_body
        } else {
            // SAFETY: for non-ZSTs, the type invariant ensures it cannot be null
            let $end = unsafe { &mut *(&raw mut $this.end_or_len).cast::<NonNull<T>>() };
            $other_body
        }
    }};
    ($this:ident, $len:ident => $zst_body:expr, $end:ident => $other_body:expr,) => {{
        #![allow(unused_unsafe)] // we're sometimes used within an unsafe block

        if T::IS_ZST {
            let $len = $this.end_or_len.addr();
            $zst_body
        } else {
            // SAFETY: for non-ZSTs, the type invariant ensures it cannot be null
            let $end = unsafe { mem::transmute::<*const T, NonNull<T>>($this.end_or_len) };
            $other_body
        }
    }};
}

// Inlining is_empty and len makes a huge performance difference
macro_rules! is_empty {
    ($self: ident) => {
        if_zst!($self,
            len => len == 0,
            end => $self.ptr == end,
        )
    };
}

macro_rules! len {
    ($self: ident) => {{
        if_zst!($self,
            len => len,
            end => {
                // To get rid of some bounds checks (see `position`), we use ptr_sub instead of
                // offset_from (Tested by `codegen/slice-position-bounds-check`.)
                // SAFETY: by the type invariant pointers are aligned and `start <= end`
                unsafe { end.offset_from_unsigned($self.ptr) }
            },
        )
    }};
}

// The shared definition of the `Iter` and `IterMut` iterators
macro_rules! iterator {
    (
        struct $name:ident -> $ptr:ty,
        $elem:ty,
        $raw_mut:tt,
        {$( $mut_:tt )?},
        $into_ref:ident,
        $array_ref:ident,
        {$($extra:tt)*}
    ) => {
        impl<'a, T> $name<'a, T> {
            /// Returns the last element and moves the end of the iterator backwards by 1.
            ///
            /// # Safety
            ///
            /// The iterator must not be empty
            #[inline]
            unsafe fn next_back_unchecked(&mut self) -> $elem {
                // SAFETY: the caller promised it's not empty, so
                // the offsetting is in-bounds and there's an element to return.
                unsafe { self.pre_dec_end(1).$into_ref() }
            }

            // Helper function for creating a slice from the iterator.
            #[inline(always)]
            fn make_slice(&self) -> &'a [T] {
                // SAFETY: the iterator was created from a slice with pointer
                // `self.ptr` and length `len!(self)`. This guarantees that all
                // the prerequisites for `from_raw_parts` are fulfilled.
                unsafe { from_raw_parts(self.ptr.as_ptr(), len!(self)) }
            }

            // Helper function for moving the start of the iterator forwards by `offset` elements,
            // returning the old start.
            // Unsafe because the offset must not exceed `self.len()`.
            #[inline(always)]
            unsafe fn post_inc_start(&mut self, offset: usize) -> NonNull<T> {
                let old = self.ptr;

                // SAFETY: the caller guarantees that `offset` doesn't exceed `self.len()`,
                // so this new pointer is inside `self` and thus guaranteed to be non-null.
                unsafe {
                    if_zst!(mut self,
                        // Using the intrinsic directly avoids emitting a UbCheck
                        len => *len = crate::intrinsics::unchecked_sub(*len, offset),
                        _end => self.ptr = self.ptr.add(offset),
                    );
                }
                old
            }

            // Helper function for moving the end of the iterator backwards by `offset` elements,
            // returning the new end.
            // Unsafe because the offset must not exceed `self.len()`.
            #[inline(always)]
            unsafe fn pre_dec_end(&mut self, offset: usize) -> NonNull<T> {
                if_zst!(mut self,
                    // SAFETY: By our precondition, `offset` can be at most the
                    // current length, so the subtraction can never overflow.
                    len => unsafe {
                        // Using the intrinsic directly avoids emitting a UbCheck
                        *len = crate::intrinsics::unchecked_sub(*len, offset);
                        self.ptr
                    },
                    // SAFETY: the caller guarantees that `offset` doesn't exceed `self.len()`,
                    // which is guaranteed to not overflow an `isize`. Also, the resulting pointer
                    // is in bounds of `slice`, which fulfills the other requirements for `offset`.
                    end => unsafe {
                        *end = end.sub(offset);
                        *end
                    },
                )
            }
        }

        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        impl<T> ExactSizeIterator for $name<'_, T> {
            #[inline(always)]
            fn len(&self) -> usize {
                len!(self)
            }

            #[inline(always)]
            fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
                is_empty!(self)
            }
        }

        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        impl<'a, T> Iterator for $name<'a, T> {
            type Item = $elem;

            #[inline]
            fn next(&mut self) -> Option<$elem> {
                // intentionally not using the helpers because this is
                // one of the most mono'd things in the library.

                let ptr = self.ptr;
                let end_or_len = self.end_or_len;
                // SAFETY: See inner comments. (For some reason having multiple
                // block breaks inlining this -- if you can fix that please do!)
                unsafe {
                    if T::IS_ZST {
                        let len = end_or_len.addr();
                        if len == 0 {
                            return None;
                        }
                        // SAFETY: just checked that it's not zero, so subtracting one
                        // cannot wrap.  (Ideally this would be `checked_sub`, which
                        // does the same thing internally, but as of 2025-02 that
                        // doesn't optimize quite as small in MIR.)
                        self.end_or_len = without_provenance_mut(len.unchecked_sub(1));
                    } else {
                        // SAFETY: by type invariant, the `end_or_len` field is always
                        // non-null for a non-ZST pointee.  (This transmute ensures we
                        // get `!nonnull` metadata on the load of the field.)
                        if ptr == crate::intrinsics::transmute::<$ptr, NonNull<T>>(end_or_len) {
                            return None;
                        }
                        // SAFETY: since it's not empty, per the check above, moving
                        // forward one keeps us inside the slice, and this is valid.
                        self.ptr = ptr.add(1);
                    }
                    // SAFETY: Now that we know it wasn't empty and we've moved past
                    // the first one (to avoid giving a duplicate `&mut` next time),
                    // we can give out a reference to it.
                    Some({ptr}.$into_ref())
                }
            }

            fn next_chunk<const N:usize>(&mut self) -> Result<[$elem; N], crate::array::IntoIter<$elem, N>> {
                if T::IS_ZST || len!(self) < N {
                    return crate::array::iter_next_chunk(self);
                }

                // SAFETY: the check above ensures len >= N
                unsafe {
                    let r = self
                        .post_inc_start(N)
                        .cast_array() // NonNull<T> -> NonNull<[T; N]>
                        // SAFETY: post_inc_start(N) insures we don't return overlapping `&mut`s
                        .$into_ref() // NonNull<[T; N]> -> &{mut} [T; N]
                        .$array_ref(); // must convert &{mut} [T; N] to [&{mut} T; N]

                    Ok(r)
                }
            }

            #[inline]
            fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
                let exact = len!(self);
                (exact, Some(exact))
            }

            #[inline]
            fn count(self) -> usize {
                len!(self)
            }

            #[inline]
            fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<$elem> {
                if n >= len!(self) {
                    // This iterator is now empty.
                    if_zst!(mut self,
                        len => *len = 0,
                        end => self.ptr = *end,
                    );
                    return None;
                }
                // SAFETY: We are in bounds. `post_inc_start` does the right thing even for ZSTs.
                unsafe {
                    self.post_inc_start(n);
                    Some(self.post_inc_start(1).$into_ref())
                }
            }

            #[inline]
            fn advance_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), NonZero<usize>> {
                let advance = cmp::min(len!(self), n);
                // SAFETY: By construction, `advance` does not exceed `self.len()`.
                unsafe { self.post_inc_start(advance) };
                NonZero::new(n - advance).map_or(Ok(()), Err)
            }

            #[inline]
            fn last(mut self) -> Option<$elem> {
                self.next_back()
            }

            #[inline]
            fn fold<B, F>(self, init: B, mut f: F) -> B
                where
                    F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,
            {
                // this implementation consists of the following optimizations compared to the
                // default implementation:
                // - do-while loop, as is llvm's preferred loop shape,
                //   see https://releases.llvm.org/16.0.0/docs/LoopTerminology.html#more-canonical-loops
                // - bumps an index instead of a pointer since the latter case inhibits
                //   some optimizations, see #111603
                // - avoids Option wrapping/matching
                if is_empty!(self) {
                    return init;
                }
                let mut acc = init;
                let mut i = 0;
                let len = len!(self);
                loop {
                    // SAFETY: the loop iterates `i in 0..len`, which always is in bounds of
                    // the slice allocation
                    acc = f(acc, unsafe { & $( $mut_ )? *self.ptr.add(i).as_ptr() });
                    // SAFETY: `i` can't overflow since it'll only reach usize::MAX if the
                    // slice had that length, in which case we'll break out of the loop
                    // after the increment
                    i = unsafe { i.unchecked_add(1) };
                    if i == len {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                acc
            }

            // We override the default implementation, which uses `try_fold`,
            // because this simple implementation generates less LLVM IR and is
            // faster to compile.
            #[inline]
            fn for_each<F>(mut self, mut f: F)
            where
                Self: Sized,
                F: FnMut(Self::Item),
            {
                while let Some(x) = self.next() {
                    f(x);
                }
            }

            // We override the default implementation, which uses `try_fold`,
            // because this simple implementation generates less LLVM IR and is
            // faster to compile.
            #[inline]
            fn all<F>(&mut self, mut f: F) -> bool
            where
                Self: Sized,
                F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
            {
                while let Some(x) = self.next() {
                    if !f(x) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                true
            }

            // We override the default implementation, which uses `try_fold`,
            // because this simple implementation generates less LLVM IR and is
            // faster to compile.
            #[inline]
            fn any<F>(&mut self, mut f: F) -> bool
            where
                Self: Sized,
                F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
            {
                while let Some(x) = self.next() {
                    if f(x) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                false
            }

            // We override the default implementation, which uses `try_fold`,
            // because this simple implementation generates less LLVM IR and is
            // faster to compile.
            #[inline]
            fn find<P>(&mut self, mut predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
            where
                Self: Sized,
                P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
            {
                while let Some(x) = self.next() {
                    if predicate(&x) {
                        return Some(x);
                    }
                }
                None
            }

            // We override the default implementation, which uses `try_fold`,
            // because this simple implementation generates less LLVM IR and is
            // faster to compile.
            #[inline]
            fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, mut f: F) -> Option<B>
            where
                Self: Sized,
                F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,
            {
                while let Some(x) = self.next() {
                    if let Some(y) = f(x) {
                        return Some(y);
                    }
                }
                None
            }

            // We override the default implementation, which uses `try_fold`,
            // because this simple implementation generates less LLVM IR and is
            // faster to compile. Also, the `assume` avoids a bounds check.
            #[inline]
            fn position<P>(&mut self, mut predicate: P) -> Option<usize> where
                Self: Sized,
                P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
            {
                let n = len!(self);
                let mut i = 0;
                while let Some(x) = self.next() {
                    if predicate(x) {
                        // SAFETY: we are guaranteed to be in bounds by the loop invariant:
                        // when `i >= n`, `self.next()` returns `None` and the loop breaks.
                        unsafe { assert_unchecked(i < n) };
                        return Some(i);
                    }
                    i += 1;
                }
                None
            }

            // We override the default implementation, which uses `try_fold`,
            // because this simple implementation generates less LLVM IR and is
            // faster to compile. Also, the `assume` avoids a bounds check.
            #[inline]
            fn rposition<P>(&mut self, mut predicate: P) -> Option<usize> where
                P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
                Self: Sized + ExactSizeIterator + DoubleEndedIterator
            {
                let n = len!(self);
                let mut i = n;
                while let Some(x) = self.next_back() {
                    i -= 1;
                    if predicate(x) {
                        // SAFETY: `i` must be lower than `n` since it starts at `n`
                        // and is only decreasing.
                        unsafe { assert_unchecked(i < n) };
                        return Some(i);
                    }
                }
                None
            }

            #[inline]
            unsafe fn __iterator_get_unchecked(&mut self, idx: usize) -> Self::Item {
                // SAFETY: the caller must guarantee that `i` is in bounds of
                // the underlying slice, so `i` cannot overflow an `isize`, and
                // the returned references is guaranteed to refer to an element
                // of the slice and thus guaranteed to be valid.
                //
                // Also note that the caller also guarantees that we're never
                // called with the same index again, and that no other methods
                // that will access this subslice are called, so it is valid
                // for the returned reference to be mutable in the case of
                // `IterMut`
                unsafe { & $( $mut_ )? * self.ptr.as_ptr().add(idx) }
            }

            $($extra)*
        }

        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        impl<'a, T> DoubleEndedIterator for $name<'a, T> {
            #[inline]
            fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<$elem> {
                // could be implemented with slices, but this avoids bounds checks

                // SAFETY: The call to `next_back_unchecked`
                // is safe since we check if the iterator is empty first.
                unsafe {
                    if is_empty!(self) {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(self.next_back_unchecked())
                    }
                }
            }

            #[inline]
            fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<$elem> {
                if n >= len!(self) {
                    // This iterator is now empty.
                    if_zst!(mut self,
                        len => *len = 0,
                        end => *end = self.ptr,
                    );
                    return None;
                }
                // SAFETY: We are in bounds. `pre_dec_end` does the right thing even for ZSTs.
                unsafe {
                    self.pre_dec_end(n);
                    Some(self.next_back_unchecked())
                }
            }

            #[inline]
            fn advance_back_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), NonZero<usize>> {
                let advance = cmp::min(len!(self), n);
                // SAFETY: By construction, `advance` does not exceed `self.len()`.
                unsafe { self.pre_dec_end(advance) };
                NonZero::new(n - advance).map_or(Ok(()), Err)
            }
        }

        #[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
        impl<T> FusedIterator for $name<'_, T> {}

        #[unstable(feature = "trusted_len", issue = "37572")]
        unsafe impl<T> TrustedLen for $name<'_, T> {}

        #[stable(feature = "default_iters", since = "1.70.0")]
        impl<T> Default for $name<'_, T> {
            /// Creates an empty slice iterator.
            ///
            /// ```
            #[doc = concat!("# use core::slice::", stringify!($name), ";")]
            #[doc = concat!("let iter: ", stringify!($name<'_, u8>), " = Default::default();")]
            /// assert_eq!(iter.len(), 0);
            /// ```
            fn default() -> Self {
                (& $( $mut_ )? []).into_iter()
            }
        }
    }
}

macro_rules! forward_iterator {
    ($name:ident: $elem:ident, $iter_of:ty) => {
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        impl<'a, $elem, P> Iterator for $name<'a, $elem, P>
        where
            P: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
        {
            type Item = $iter_of;

            #[inline]
            fn next(&mut self) -> Option<$iter_of> {
                self.inner.next()
            }

            #[inline]
            fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
                self.inner.size_hint()
            }
        }

        #[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
        impl<'a, $elem, P> FusedIterator for $name<'a, $elem, P> where P: FnMut(&T) -> bool {}
    };
}