Writing Tests¶
Test Cases¶
The fundamental unit in KUnit is the test case. A test case is a function with
the signature void (*)(struct kunit *test)
. It calls the function under test
and then sets expectations for what should happen. For example:
void example_test_success(struct kunit *test)
{
}
void example_test_failure(struct kunit *test)
{
KUNIT_FAIL(test, "This test never passes.");
}
In the above example, example_test_success
always passes because it does
nothing; no expectations are set, and therefore all expectations pass. On the
other hand example_test_failure
always fails because it calls KUNIT_FAIL
,
which is a special expectation that logs a message and causes the test case to
fail.
Expectations¶
An expectation specifies that we expect a piece of code to do something in a test. An expectation is called like a function. A test is made by setting expectations about the behavior of a piece of code under test. When one or more expectations fail, the test case fails and information about the failure is logged. For example:
void add_test_basic(struct kunit *test)
{
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 1, add(1, 0));
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 2, add(1, 1));
}
In the above example, add_test_basic
makes a number of assertions about the
behavior of a function called add
. The first parameter is always of type
struct kunit *
, which contains information about the current test context.
The second parameter, in this case, is what the value is expected to be. The
last value is what the value actually is. If add
passes all of these
expectations, the test case, add_test_basic
will pass; if any one of these
expectations fails, the test case will fail.
A test case fails when any expectation is violated; however, the test will continue to run, and try other expectations until the test case ends or is otherwise terminated. This is as opposed to assertions which are discussed later.
To learn about more KUnit expectations, see Test API.
Note
A single test case should be short, easy to understand, and focused on a single behavior.
For example, if we want to rigorously test the add
function above, create
additional tests cases which would test each property that an add
function
should have as shown below:
void add_test_basic(struct kunit *test)
{
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 1, add(1, 0));
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 2, add(1, 1));
}
void add_test_negative(struct kunit *test)
{
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, 0, add(-1, 1));
}
void add_test_max(struct kunit *test)
{
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, INT_MAX, add(0, INT_MAX));
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, -1, add(INT_MAX, INT_MIN));
}
void add_test_overflow(struct kunit *test)
{
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, INT_MIN, add(INT_MAX, 1));
}
Assertions¶
An assertion is like an expectation, except that the assertion immediately terminates the test case if the condition is not satisfied. For example:
static void test_sort(struct kunit *test)
{
int *a, i, r = 1;
a = kunit_kmalloc_array(test, TEST_LEN, sizeof(*a), GFP_KERNEL);
KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, a);
for (i = 0; i < TEST_LEN; i++) {
r = (r * 725861) % 6599;
a[i] = r;
}
sort(a, TEST_LEN, sizeof(*a), cmpint, NULL);
for (i = 0; i < TEST_LEN-1; i++)
KUNIT_EXPECT_LE(test, a[i], a[i + 1]);
}
In this example, we need to be able to allocate an array to test the sort()
function. So we use KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL()
to abort the test if
there's an allocation error.
Note
In other test frameworks, ASSERT
macros are often implemented by calling
return
so they only work from the test function. In KUnit, we stop the
current kthread on failure, so you can call them from anywhere.
Note
Warning: There is an exception to the above rule. You shouldn't use assertions in the suite's exit() function, or in the free function for a resource. These run when a test is shutting down, and an assertion here prevents further cleanup code from running, potentially leading to a memory leak.
Customizing error messages¶
Each of the KUNIT_EXPECT
and KUNIT_ASSERT
macros have a _MSG
variant. These take a format string and arguments to provide additional
context to the automatically generated error messages.
char some_str[41];
generate_sha1_hex_string(some_str);
/* Before. Not easy to tell why the test failed. */
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, strlen(some_str), 40);
/* After. Now we see the offending string. */
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ_MSG(test, strlen(some_str), 40, "some_str='%s'", some_str);
Alternatively, one can take full control over the error message by using
KUNIT_FAIL()
, e.g.
/* Before */
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, some_setup_function(), 0);
/* After: full control over the failure message. */
if (some_setup_function())
KUNIT_FAIL(test, "Failed to setup thing for testing");
Test Suites¶
We need many test cases covering all the unit's behaviors. It is common to have many similar tests. In order to reduce duplication in these closely related tests, most unit testing frameworks (including KUnit) provide the concept of a test suite. A test suite is a collection of test cases for a unit of code with optional setup and teardown functions that run before/after the whole suite and/or every test case.
Note
A test case will only run if it is associated with a test suite.
For example:
static struct kunit_case example_test_cases[] = {
KUNIT_CASE(example_test_foo),
KUNIT_CASE(example_test_bar),
KUNIT_CASE(example_test_baz),
{}
};
static struct kunit_suite example_test_suite = {
.name = "example",
.init = example_test_init,
.exit = example_test_exit,
.suite_init = example_suite_init,
.suite_exit = example_suite_exit,
.test_cases = example_test_cases,
};
kunit_test_suite(example_test_suite);
In the above example, the test suite example_test_suite
would first run
example_suite_init
, then run the test cases example_test_foo
,
example_test_bar
, and example_test_baz
. Each would have
example_test_init
called immediately before it and example_test_exit
called immediately after it. Finally, example_suite_exit
would be called
after everything else. kunit_test_suite(example_test_suite)
registers the
test suite with the KUnit test framework.
Note
The exit
and suite_exit
functions will run even if init
or
suite_init
fail. Make sure that they can handle any inconsistent
state which may result from init
or suite_init
encountering errors
or exiting early.
kunit_test_suite(...)
is a macro which tells the linker to put the
specified test suite in a special linker section so that it can be run by KUnit
either after late_init
, or when the test module is loaded (if the test was
built as a module).
For more information, see Test API.
Writing Tests For Other Architectures¶
It is better to write tests that run on UML to tests that only run under a particular architecture. It is better to write tests that run under QEMU or another easy to obtain (and monetarily free) software environment to a specific piece of hardware.
Nevertheless, there are still valid reasons to write a test that is architecture
or hardware specific. For example, we might want to test code that really
belongs in arch/some-arch/*
. Even so, try to write the test so that it does
not depend on physical hardware. Some of our test cases may not need hardware,
only few tests actually require the hardware to test it. When hardware is not
available, instead of disabling tests, we can skip them.
Now that we have narrowed down exactly what bits are hardware specific, the actual procedure for writing and running the tests is same as writing normal KUnit tests.
Important
We may have to reset hardware state. If this is not possible, we may only be able to run one test case per invocation.
Common Patterns¶
Isolating Behavior¶
Unit testing limits the amount of code under test to a single unit. It controls what code gets run when the unit under test calls a function. Where a function is exposed as part of an API such that the definition of that function can be changed without affecting the rest of the code base. In the kernel, this comes from two constructs: classes, which are structs that contain function pointers provided by the implementer, and architecture-specific functions, which have definitions selected at compile time.
Classes¶
Classes are not a construct that is built into the C programming language; however, it is an easily derived concept. Accordingly, in most cases, every project that does not use a standardized object oriented library (like GNOME's GObject) has their own slightly different way of doing object oriented programming; the Linux kernel is no exception.
The central concept in kernel object oriented programming is the class. In the kernel, a class is a struct that contains function pointers. This creates a contract between implementers and users since it forces them to use the same function signature without having to call the function directly. To be a class, the function pointers must specify that a pointer to the class, known as a class handle, be one of the parameters. Thus the member functions (also known as methods) have access to member variables (also known as fields) allowing the same implementation to have multiple instances.
A class can be overridden by child classes by embedding the parent class in the child class. Then when the child class method is called, the child implementation knows that the pointer passed to it is of a parent contained within the child. Thus, the child can compute the pointer to itself because the pointer to the parent is always a fixed offset from the pointer to the child. This offset is the offset of the parent contained in the child struct. For example:
struct shape {
int (*area)(struct shape *this);
};
struct rectangle {
struct shape parent;
int length;
int width;
};
int rectangle_area(struct shape *this)
{
struct rectangle *self = container_of(this, struct rectangle, parent);
return self->length * self->width;
};
void rectangle_new(struct rectangle *self, int length, int width)
{
self->parent.area = rectangle_area;
self->length = length;
self->width = width;
}
In this example, computing the pointer to the child from the pointer to the
parent is done by container_of
.
Faking Classes¶
In order to unit test a piece of code that calls a method in a class, the behavior of the method must be controllable, otherwise the test ceases to be a unit test and becomes an integration test.
A fake class implements a piece of code that is different than what runs in a production instance, but behaves identical from the standpoint of the callers. This is done to replace a dependency that is hard to deal with, or is slow. For example, implementing a fake EEPROM that stores the "contents" in an internal buffer. Assume we have a class that represents an EEPROM:
struct eeprom {
ssize_t (*read)(struct eeprom *this, size_t offset, char *buffer, size_t count);
ssize_t (*write)(struct eeprom *this, size_t offset, const char *buffer, size_t count);
};
And we want to test code that buffers writes to the EEPROM:
struct eeprom_buffer {
ssize_t (*write)(struct eeprom_buffer *this, const char *buffer, size_t count);
int flush(struct eeprom_buffer *this);
size_t flush_count; /* Flushes when buffer exceeds flush_count. */
};
struct eeprom_buffer *new_eeprom_buffer(struct eeprom *eeprom);
void destroy_eeprom_buffer(struct eeprom *eeprom);
We can test this code by faking out the underlying EEPROM:
struct fake_eeprom {
struct eeprom parent;
char contents[FAKE_EEPROM_CONTENTS_SIZE];
};
ssize_t fake_eeprom_read(struct eeprom *parent, size_t offset, char *buffer, size_t count)
{
struct fake_eeprom *this = container_of(parent, struct fake_eeprom, parent);
count = min(count, FAKE_EEPROM_CONTENTS_SIZE - offset);
memcpy(buffer, this->contents + offset, count);
return count;
}
ssize_t fake_eeprom_write(struct eeprom *parent, size_t offset, const char *buffer, size_t count)
{
struct fake_eeprom *this = container_of(parent, struct fake_eeprom, parent);
count = min(count, FAKE_EEPROM_CONTENTS_SIZE - offset);
memcpy(this->contents + offset, buffer, count);
return count;
}
void fake_eeprom_init(struct fake_eeprom *this)
{
this->parent.read = fake_eeprom_read;
this->parent.write = fake_eeprom_write;
memset(this->contents, 0, FAKE_EEPROM_CONTENTS_SIZE);
}
We can now use it to test struct eeprom_buffer
:
struct eeprom_buffer_test {
struct fake_eeprom *fake_eeprom;
struct eeprom_buffer *eeprom_buffer;
};
static void eeprom_buffer_test_does_not_write_until_flush(struct kunit *test)
{
struct eeprom_buffer_test *ctx = test->priv;
struct eeprom_buffer *eeprom_buffer = ctx->eeprom_buffer;
struct fake_eeprom *fake_eeprom = ctx->fake_eeprom;
char buffer[] = {0xff};
eeprom_buffer->flush_count = SIZE_MAX;
eeprom_buffer->write(eeprom_buffer, buffer, 1);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[0], 0);
eeprom_buffer->write(eeprom_buffer, buffer, 1);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[1], 0);
eeprom_buffer->flush(eeprom_buffer);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[0], 0xff);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[1], 0xff);
}
static void eeprom_buffer_test_flushes_after_flush_count_met(struct kunit *test)
{
struct eeprom_buffer_test *ctx = test->priv;
struct eeprom_buffer *eeprom_buffer = ctx->eeprom_buffer;
struct fake_eeprom *fake_eeprom = ctx->fake_eeprom;
char buffer[] = {0xff};
eeprom_buffer->flush_count = 2;
eeprom_buffer->write(eeprom_buffer, buffer, 1);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[0], 0);
eeprom_buffer->write(eeprom_buffer, buffer, 1);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[0], 0xff);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[1], 0xff);
}
static void eeprom_buffer_test_flushes_increments_of_flush_count(struct kunit *test)
{
struct eeprom_buffer_test *ctx = test->priv;
struct eeprom_buffer *eeprom_buffer = ctx->eeprom_buffer;
struct fake_eeprom *fake_eeprom = ctx->fake_eeprom;
char buffer[] = {0xff, 0xff};
eeprom_buffer->flush_count = 2;
eeprom_buffer->write(eeprom_buffer, buffer, 1);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[0], 0);
eeprom_buffer->write(eeprom_buffer, buffer, 2);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[0], 0xff);
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[1], 0xff);
/* Should have only flushed the first two bytes. */
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_eeprom->contents[2], 0);
}
static int eeprom_buffer_test_init(struct kunit *test)
{
struct eeprom_buffer_test *ctx;
ctx = kunit_kzalloc(test, sizeof(*ctx), GFP_KERNEL);
KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, ctx);
ctx->fake_eeprom = kunit_kzalloc(test, sizeof(*ctx->fake_eeprom), GFP_KERNEL);
KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, ctx->fake_eeprom);
fake_eeprom_init(ctx->fake_eeprom);
ctx->eeprom_buffer = new_eeprom_buffer(&ctx->fake_eeprom->parent);
KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, ctx->eeprom_buffer);
test->priv = ctx;
return 0;
}
static void eeprom_buffer_test_exit(struct kunit *test)
{
struct eeprom_buffer_test *ctx = test->priv;
destroy_eeprom_buffer(ctx->eeprom_buffer);
}
Testing Against Multiple Inputs¶
Testing just a few inputs is not enough to ensure that the code works correctly, for example: testing a hash function.
We can write a helper macro or function. The function is called for each input.
For example, to test sha1sum(1)
, we can write:
#define TEST_SHA1(in, want) \
sha1sum(in, out); \
KUNIT_EXPECT_STREQ_MSG(test, out, want, "sha1sum(%s)", in);
char out[40];
TEST_SHA1("hello world", "2aae6c35c94fcfb415dbe95f408b9ce91ee846ed");
TEST_SHA1("hello world!", "430ce34d020724ed75a196dfc2ad67c77772d169");
Note the use of the _MSG
version of KUNIT_EXPECT_STREQ
to print a more
detailed error and make the assertions clearer within the helper macros.
The _MSG
variants are useful when the same expectation is called multiple
times (in a loop or helper function) and thus the line number is not enough to
identify what failed, as shown below.
In complicated cases, we recommend using a table-driven test compared to the helper macro variation, for example:
int i;
char out[40];
struct sha1_test_case {
const char *str;
const char *sha1;
};
struct sha1_test_case cases[] = {
{
.str = "hello world",
.sha1 = "2aae6c35c94fcfb415dbe95f408b9ce91ee846ed",
},
{
.str = "hello world!",
.sha1 = "430ce34d020724ed75a196dfc2ad67c77772d169",
},
};
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(cases); ++i) {
sha1sum(cases[i].str, out);
KUNIT_EXPECT_STREQ_MSG(test, out, cases[i].sha1,
"sha1sum(%s)", cases[i].str);
}
There is more boilerplate code involved, but it can:
be more readable when there are multiple inputs/outputs (due to field names).
For example, see
fs/ext4/inode-test.c
.
reduce duplication if test cases are shared across multiple tests.
For example: if we want to test
sha256sum
, we could add asha256
field and reusecases
.
be converted to a "parameterized test".
Parameterized Testing¶
The table-driven testing pattern is common enough that KUnit has special support for it.
By reusing the same cases
array from above, we can write the test as a
"parameterized test" with the following.
// This is copy-pasted from above.
struct sha1_test_case {
const char *str;
const char *sha1;
};
const struct sha1_test_case cases[] = {
{
.str = "hello world",
.sha1 = "2aae6c35c94fcfb415dbe95f408b9ce91ee846ed",
},
{
.str = "hello world!",
.sha1 = "430ce34d020724ed75a196dfc2ad67c77772d169",
},
};
// Creates `sha1_gen_params()` to iterate over `cases` while using
// the struct member `str` for the case description.
KUNIT_ARRAY_PARAM_DESC(sha1, cases, str);
// Looks no different from a normal test.
static void sha1_test(struct kunit *test)
{
// This function can just contain the body of the for-loop.
// The former `cases[i]` is accessible under test->param_value.
char out[40];
struct sha1_test_case *test_param = (struct sha1_test_case *)(test->param_value);
sha1sum(test_param->str, out);
KUNIT_EXPECT_STREQ_MSG(test, out, test_param->sha1,
"sha1sum(%s)", test_param->str);
}
// Instead of KUNIT_CASE, we use KUNIT_CASE_PARAM and pass in the
// function declared by KUNIT_ARRAY_PARAM or KUNIT_ARRAY_PARAM_DESC.
static struct kunit_case sha1_test_cases[] = {
KUNIT_CASE_PARAM(sha1_test, sha1_gen_params),
{}
};
Allocating Memory¶
Where you might use kzalloc
, you can instead use kunit_kzalloc
as KUnit
will then ensure that the memory is freed once the test completes.
This is useful because it lets us use the KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ
macros to exit
early from a test without having to worry about remembering to call kfree
.
For example:
void example_test_allocation(struct kunit *test)
{
char *buffer = kunit_kzalloc(test, 16, GFP_KERNEL);
/* Ensure allocation succeeded. */
KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, buffer);
KUNIT_ASSERT_STREQ(test, buffer, "");
}
Registering Cleanup Actions¶
If you need to perform some cleanup beyond simple use of kunit_kzalloc
,
you can register a custom "deferred action", which is a cleanup function
run when the test exits (whether cleanly, or via a failed assertion).
Actions are simple functions with no return value, and a single void*
context argument, and fulfill the same role as "cleanup" functions in Python
and Go tests, "defer" statements in languages which support them, and
(in some cases) destructors in RAII languages.
These are very useful for unregistering things from global lists, closing files or other resources, or freeing resources.
For example:
static void cleanup_device(void *ctx)
{
struct device *dev = (struct device *)ctx;
device_unregister(dev);
}
void example_device_test(struct kunit *test)
{
struct my_device dev;
device_register(&dev);
kunit_add_action(test, &cleanup_device, &dev);
}
Note that, for functions like device_unregister which only accept a single
pointer-sized argument, it's possible to automatically generate a wrapper
with the KUNIT_DEFINE_ACTION_WRAPPER()
macro, for example:
KUNIT_DEFINE_ACTION_WRAPPER(device_unregister, device_unregister_wrapper, struct device *);
kunit_add_action(test, &device_unregister_wrapper, &dev);
You should do this in preference to manually casting to the kunit_action_t
type,
as casting function pointers will break Control Flow Integrity (CFI).
kunit_add_action
can fail if, for example, the system is out of memory.
You can use kunit_add_action_or_reset
instead which runs the action
immediately if it cannot be deferred.
If you need more control over when the cleanup function is called, you
can trigger it early using kunit_release_action
, or cancel it entirely
with kunit_remove_action
.
Testing Static Functions¶
If we do not want to expose functions or variables for testing, one option is to
conditionally #include
the test file at the end of your .c file. For
example:
/* In my_file.c */
static int do_interesting_thing();
#ifdef CONFIG_MY_KUNIT_TEST
#include "my_kunit_test.c"
#endif
Injecting Test-Only Code¶
Similar to as shown above, we can add test-specific logic. For example:
/* In my_file.h */
#ifdef CONFIG_MY_KUNIT_TEST
/* Defined in my_kunit_test.c */
void test_only_hook(void);
#else
void test_only_hook(void) { }
#endif
This test-only code can be made more useful by accessing the current kunit_test
as shown in next section: Accessing The Current Test.
Accessing The Current Test¶
In some cases, we need to call test-only code from outside the test file. This
is helpful, for example, when providing a fake implementation of a function, or
to fail any current test from within an error handler.
We can do this via the kunit_test
field in task_struct
, which we can
access using the kunit_get_current_test()
function in kunit/test-bug.h
.
kunit_get_current_test()
is safe to call even if KUnit is not enabled. If
KUnit is not enabled, or if no test is running in the current task, it will
return NULL
. This compiles down to either a no-op or a static key check,
so will have a negligible performance impact when no test is running.
The example below uses this to implement a "mock" implementation of a function, foo
:
#include <kunit/test-bug.h> /* for kunit_get_current_test */
struct test_data {
int foo_result;
int want_foo_called_with;
};
static int fake_foo(int arg)
{
struct kunit *test = kunit_get_current_test();
struct test_data *test_data = test->priv;
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, test_data->want_foo_called_with, arg);
return test_data->foo_result;
}
static void example_simple_test(struct kunit *test)
{
/* Assume priv (private, a member used to pass test data from
* the init function) is allocated in the suite's .init */
struct test_data *test_data = test->priv;
test_data->foo_result = 42;
test_data->want_foo_called_with = 1;
/* In a real test, we'd probably pass a pointer to fake_foo somewhere
* like an ops struct, etc. instead of calling it directly. */
KUNIT_EXPECT_EQ(test, fake_foo(1), 42);
}
In this example, we are using the priv
member of struct kunit
as a way
of passing data to the test from the init function. In general priv
is
pointer that can be used for any user data. This is preferred over static
variables, as it avoids concurrency issues.
Had we wanted something more flexible, we could have used a named kunit_resource
.
Each test can have multiple resources which have string names providing the same
flexibility as a priv
member, but also, for example, allowing helper
functions to create resources without conflicting with each other. It is also
possible to define a clean up function for each resource, making it easy to
avoid resource leaks. For more information, see Resource API.
Failing The Current Test¶
If we want to fail the current test, we can use kunit_fail_current_test(fmt, args...)
which is defined in <kunit/test-bug.h>
and does not require pulling in <kunit/test.h>
.
For example, we have an option to enable some extra debug checks on some data
structures as shown below:
#include <kunit/test-bug.h>
#ifdef CONFIG_EXTRA_DEBUG_CHECKS
static void validate_my_data(struct data *data)
{
if (is_valid(data))
return;
kunit_fail_current_test("data %p is invalid", data);
/* Normal, non-KUnit, error reporting code here. */
}
#else
static void my_debug_function(void) { }
#endif
kunit_fail_current_test()
is safe to call even if KUnit is not enabled. If
KUnit is not enabled, or if no test is running in the current task, it will do
nothing. This compiles down to either a no-op or a static key check, so will
have a negligible performance impact when no test is running.
Managing Fake Devices and Drivers¶
When testing drivers or code which interacts with drivers, many functions will
require a struct device
or struct device_driver
. In many cases, setting
up a real device is not required to test any given function, so a fake device
can be used instead.
KUnit provides helper functions to create and manage these fake devices, which
are internally of type struct kunit_device
, and are attached to a special
kunit_bus
. These devices support managed device resources (devres), as
described in Devres - Managed Device Resource
To create a KUnit-managed struct device_driver
, use kunit_driver_create()
,
which will create a driver with the given name, on the kunit_bus
. This driver
will automatically be destroyed when the corresponding test finishes, but can also
be manually destroyed with driver_unregister()
.
To create a fake device, use the kunit_device_register()
, which will create
and register a device, using a new KUnit-managed driver created with kunit_driver_create()
.
To provide a specific, non-KUnit-managed driver, use kunit_device_register_with_driver()
instead. Like with managed drivers, KUnit-managed fake devices are automatically
cleaned up when the test finishes, but can be manually cleaned up early with
kunit_device_unregister()
.
The KUnit devices should be used in preference to root_device_register()
, and
instead of platform_device_register()
in cases where the device is not otherwise
a platform device.
For example:
#include <kunit/device.h>
static void test_my_device(struct kunit *test)
{
struct device *fake_device;
const char *dev_managed_string;
// Create a fake device.
fake_device = kunit_device_register(test, "my_device");
KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, fake_device)
// Pass it to functions which need a device.
dev_managed_string = devm_kstrdup(fake_device, "Hello, World!");
// Everything is cleaned up automatically when the test ends.
}