Virtual Memory Layout on RISC-V Linux

Author

Alexandre Ghiti <alex@ghiti.fr>

Date

12 February 2021

This document describes the virtual memory layout used by the RISC-V Linux Kernel.

RISC-V Linux Kernel 32bit

RISC-V Linux Kernel SV32

TODO

RISC-V Linux Kernel 64bit

The RISC-V privileged architecture document states that the 64bit addresses "must have bits 63–48 all equal to bit 47, or else a page-fault exception will occur.": that splits the virtual address space into 2 halves separated by a very big hole, the lower half is where the userspace resides, the upper half is where the RISC-V Linux Kernel resides.

RISC-V Linux Kernel SV39

========================================================================================================================
    Start addr    |   Offset   |     End addr     |  Size   | VM area description
========================================================================================================================
                  |            |                  |         |
 0000000000000000 |    0       | 0000003fffffffff |  256 GB | user-space virtual memory, different per mm
__________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________
                  |            |                  |         |
 0000004000000000 | +256    GB | ffffffbfffffffff | ~16M TB | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical
                  |            |                  |         |     virtual memory addresses up to the -256 GB
                  |            |                  |         |     starting offset of kernel mappings.
__________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________
                                                            |
                                                            | Kernel-space virtual memory, shared between all processes:
____________________________________________________________|___________________________________________________________
                  |            |                  |         |
 ffffffc6fea00000 | -228    GB | ffffffc6feffffff |    6 MB | fixmap
 ffffffc6ff000000 | -228    GB | ffffffc6ffffffff |   16 MB | PCI io
 ffffffc700000000 | -228    GB | ffffffc7ffffffff |    4 GB | vmemmap
 ffffffc800000000 | -224    GB | ffffffd7ffffffff |   64 GB | vmalloc/ioremap space
 ffffffd800000000 | -160    GB | fffffff6ffffffff |  124 GB | direct mapping of all physical memory
 fffffff700000000 |  -36    GB | fffffffeffffffff |   32 GB | kasan
__________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________
                                                            |
                                                            |
____________________________________________________________|____________________________________________________________
                  |            |                  |         |
 ffffffff00000000 |   -4    GB | ffffffff7fffffff |    2 GB | modules, BPF
 ffffffff80000000 |   -2    GB | ffffffffffffffff |    2 GB | kernel
__________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________

RISC-V Linux Kernel SV48

========================================================================================================================
     Start addr    |   Offset   |     End addr     |  Size   | VM area description
========================================================================================================================
                   |            |                  |         |
  0000000000000000 |    0       | 00007fffffffffff |  128 TB | user-space virtual memory, different per mm
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________
                   |            |                  |         |
  0000800000000000 | +128    TB | ffff7fffffffffff | ~16M TB | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical
                   |            |                  |         | virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB
                   |            |                  |         | starting offset of kernel mappings.
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________
                                                             |
                                                             | Kernel-space virtual memory, shared between all processes:
 ____________________________________________________________|___________________________________________________________
                   |            |                  |         |
  ffff8d7ffea00000 |  -114.5 TB | ffff8d7ffeffffff |    6 MB | fixmap
  ffff8d7fff000000 |  -114.5 TB | ffff8d7fffffffff |   16 MB | PCI io
  ffff8d8000000000 |  -114.5 TB | ffff8f7fffffffff |    2 TB | vmemmap
  ffff8f8000000000 |  -112.5 TB | ffffaf7fffffffff |   32 TB | vmalloc/ioremap space
  ffffaf8000000000 |  -80.5  TB | ffffef7fffffffff |   64 TB | direct mapping of all physical memory
  ffffef8000000000 |  -16.5  TB | fffffffeffffffff | 16.5 TB | kasan
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________
                                                             |
                                                             | Identical layout to the 39-bit one from here on:
 ____________________________________________________________|____________________________________________________________
                   |            |                  |         |
  ffffffff00000000 |   -4    GB | ffffffff7fffffff |    2 GB | modules, BPF
  ffffffff80000000 |   -2    GB | ffffffffffffffff |    2 GB | kernel
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________

RISC-V Linux Kernel SV57

========================================================================================================================
     Start addr    |   Offset   |     End addr     |  Size   | VM area description
========================================================================================================================
                   |            |                  |         |
  0000000000000000 |   0        | 00ffffffffffffff |   64 PB | user-space virtual memory, different per mm
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________
                   |            |                  |         |
  0100000000000000 | +64     PB | feffffffffffffff | ~16K PB | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical
                   |            |                  |         | virtual memory addresses up to the -64 PB
                   |            |                  |         | starting offset of kernel mappings.
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________
                                                             |
                                                             | Kernel-space virtual memory, shared between all processes:
 ____________________________________________________________|___________________________________________________________
                   |            |                  |         |
  ff1bfffffea00000 | -57     PB | ff1bfffffeffffff |    6 MB | fixmap
  ff1bffffff000000 | -57     PB | ff1bffffffffffff |   16 MB | PCI io
  ff1c000000000000 | -57     PB | ff1fffffffffffff |    1 PB | vmemmap
  ff20000000000000 | -56     PB | ff5fffffffffffff |   16 PB | vmalloc/ioremap space
  ff60000000000000 | -40     PB | ffdeffffffffffff |   32 PB | direct mapping of all physical memory
  ffdf000000000000 |  -8     PB | fffffffeffffffff |    8 PB | kasan
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________
                                                             |
                                                             | Identical layout to the 39-bit one from here on:
 ____________________________________________________________|____________________________________________________________
                   |            |                  |         |
  ffffffff00000000 |  -4     GB | ffffffff7fffffff |    2 GB | modules, BPF
  ffffffff80000000 |  -2     GB | ffffffffffffffff |    2 GB | kernel
 __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________

Userspace VAs

To maintain compatibility with software that relies on the VA space with a maximum of 48 bits the kernel will, by default, return virtual addresses to userspace from a 48-bit range (sv48). This default behavior is achieved by passing 0 into the hint address parameter of mmap. On CPUs with an address space smaller than sv48, the CPU maximum supported address space will be the default.

Software can "opt-in" to receiving VAs from another VA space by providing a hint address to mmap. A hint address passed to mmap will cause the largest address space that fits entirely into the hint to be used, unless there is no space left in the address space. If there is no space available in the requested address space, an address in the next smallest available address space will be returned.

For example, in order to obtain 48-bit VA space, a hint address greater than 1 << 47 must be provided. Note that this is 47 due to sv48 userspace ending at 1 << 47 and the addresses beyond this are reserved for the kernel. Similarly, to obtain 57-bit VA space addresses, a hint address greater than or equal to 1 << 56 must be provided.