Using kgdb, kdb and the kernel debugger internals¶
- Author
Jason Wessel
Introduction¶
The kernel has two different debugger front ends (kdb and kgdb) which interface to the debug core. It is possible to use either of the debugger front ends and dynamically transition between them if you configure the kernel properly at compile and runtime.
Kdb is simplistic shell-style interface which you can use on a system
console with a keyboard or serial console. You can use it to inspect
memory, registers, process lists, dmesg, and even set breakpoints to
stop in a certain location. Kdb is not a source level debugger, although
you can set breakpoints and execute some basic kernel run control. Kdb
is mainly aimed at doing some analysis to aid in development or
diagnosing kernel problems. You can access some symbols by name in
kernel built-ins or in kernel modules if the code was built with
CONFIG_KALLSYMS
.
Kgdb is intended to be used as a source level debugger for the Linux kernel. It is used along with gdb to debug a Linux kernel. The expectation is that gdb can be used to "break in" to the kernel to inspect memory, variables and look through call stack information similar to the way an application developer would use gdb to debug an application. It is possible to place breakpoints in kernel code and perform some limited execution stepping.
Two machines are required for using kgdb. One of these machines is a development machine and the other is the target machine. The kernel to be debugged runs on the target machine. The development machine runs an instance of gdb against the vmlinux file which contains the symbols (not a boot image such as bzImage, zImage, uImage...). In gdb the developer specifies the connection parameters and connects to kgdb. The type of connection a developer makes with gdb depends on the availability of kgdb I/O modules compiled as built-ins or loadable kernel modules in the test machine's kernel.
Compiling a kernel¶
In order to enable compilation of kdb, you must first enable kgdb.
The kgdb test compile options are described in the kgdb test suite chapter.
Kernel config options for kgdb¶
To enable CONFIG_KGDB
you should look under
and select
.
While it is not a hard requirement that you have symbols in your vmlinux
file, gdb tends not to be very useful without the symbolic data, so you
will want to turn on CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO
which is called
in the config menu.
It is advised, but not required, that you turn on the
CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER
kernel option which is called in the config menu. This option inserts code
into the compiled executable which saves the frame information in registers
or on the stack at different points which allows a debugger such as gdb to
more accurately construct stack back traces while debugging the kernel.
If the architecture that you are using supports the kernel option
CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX
, you should consider turning it off. This
option will prevent the use of software breakpoints because it marks
certain regions of the kernel's memory space as read-only. If kgdb
supports it for the architecture you are using, you can use hardware
breakpoints if you desire to run with the CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX
option turned on, else you need to turn off this option.
Next you should choose one of more I/O drivers to interconnect debugging host and debugged target. Early boot debugging requires a KGDB I/O driver that supports early debugging and the driver must be built into the kernel directly. Kgdb I/O driver configuration takes place via kernel or module parameters which you can learn more about in the in the section that describes the parameter kgdboc.
Here is an example set of .config
symbols to enable or disable for kgdb:
# CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX is not set
CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y
CONFIG_KGDB=y
CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y
Kernel config options for kdb¶
Kdb is quite a bit more complex than the simple gdbstub sitting on top
of the kernel's debug core. Kdb must implement a shell, and also adds
some helper functions in other parts of the kernel, responsible for
printing out interesting data such as what you would see if you ran
lsmod
, or ps
. In order to build kdb into the kernel you follow the
same steps as you would for kgdb.
The main config option for kdb is CONFIG_KGDB_KDB
which is called
in the config menu.
In theory you would have already also selected an I/O driver such as the
CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE
interface if you plan on using kdb on a
serial port, when you were configuring kgdb.
If you want to use a PS/2-style keyboard with kdb, you would select
CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD
which is called in the config menu. The CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD
option is not
used for anything in the gdb interface to kgdb. The CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD
option only works with kdb.
Here is an example set of .config
symbols to enable/disable kdb:
# CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX is not set
CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y
CONFIG_KGDB=y
CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y
CONFIG_KGDB_KDB=y
CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD=y
Kernel Debugger Boot Arguments¶
This section describes the various runtime kernel parameters that affect the configuration of the kernel debugger. The following chapter covers using kdb and kgdb as well as providing some examples of the configuration parameters.
Kernel parameter: kgdboc¶
The kgdboc driver was originally an abbreviation meant to stand for "kgdb over console". Today it is the primary mechanism to configure how to communicate from gdb to kgdb as well as the devices you want to use to interact with the kdb shell.
For kgdb/gdb, kgdboc is designed to work with a single serial port. It
is intended to cover the circumstance where you want to use a serial
console as your primary console as well as using it to perform kernel
debugging. It is also possible to use kgdb on a serial port which is not
designated as a system console. Kgdboc may be configured as a kernel
built-in or a kernel loadable module. You can only make use of
kgdbwait
and early debugging if you build kgdboc into the kernel as
a built-in.
Optionally you can elect to activate kms (Kernel Mode Setting) integration. When you use kms with kgdboc and you have a video driver that has atomic mode setting hooks, it is possible to enter the debugger on the graphics console. When the kernel execution is resumed, the previous graphics mode will be restored. This integration can serve as a useful tool to aid in diagnosing crashes or doing analysis of memory with kdb while allowing the full graphics console applications to run.
kgdboc arguments¶
Usage:
kgdboc=[kms][[,]kbd][[,]serial_device][,baud]
The order listed above must be observed if you use any of the optional configurations together.
Abbreviations:
kms = Kernel Mode Setting
kbd = Keyboard
You can configure kgdboc to use the keyboard, and/or a serial device depending on if you are using kdb and/or kgdb, in one of the following scenarios. The order listed above must be observed if you use any of the optional configurations together. Using kms + only gdb is generally not a useful combination.
Using loadable module or built-in¶
As a kernel built-in:
Use the kernel boot argument:
kgdboc=<tty-device>,[baud]
As a kernel loadable module:
Use the command:
modprobe kgdboc kgdboc=<tty-device>,[baud]
Here are two examples of how you might format the kgdboc string. The first is for an x86 target using the first serial port. The second example is for the ARM Versatile AB using the second serial port.
kgdboc=ttyS0,115200
kgdboc=ttyAMA1,115200
Configure kgdboc at runtime with sysfs¶
At run time you can enable or disable kgdboc by echoing a parameters into the sysfs. Here are two examples:
Enable kgdboc on ttyS0:
echo ttyS0 > /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc
Disable kgdboc:
echo "" > /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc
Note
You do not need to specify the baud if you are configuring the console on tty which is already configured or open.
More examples¶
You can configure kgdboc to use the keyboard, and/or a serial device depending on if you are using kdb and/or kgdb, in one of the following scenarios.
kdb and kgdb over only a serial port:
kgdboc=<serial_device>[,baud]
Example:
kgdboc=ttyS0,115200
kdb and kgdb with keyboard and a serial port:
kgdboc=kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
Example:
kgdboc=kbd,ttyS0,115200
kdb with a keyboard:
kgdboc=kbd
kdb with kernel mode setting:
kgdboc=kms,kbd
kdb with kernel mode setting and kgdb over a serial port:
kgdboc=kms,kbd,ttyS0,115200
Note
Kgdboc does not support interrupting the target via the gdb remote protocol. You must manually send a SysRq-G unless you have a proxy that splits console output to a terminal program. A console proxy has a separate TCP port for the debugger and a separate TCP port for the "human" console. The proxy can take care of sending the SysRq-G for you.
When using kgdboc with no debugger proxy, you can end up connecting the debugger at one of two entry points. If an exception occurs after you have loaded kgdboc, a message should print on the console stating it is waiting for the debugger. In this case you disconnect your terminal program and then connect the debugger in its place. If you want to interrupt the target system and forcibly enter a debug session you have to issue a Sysrq sequence and then type the letter g. Then you disconnect the terminal session and connect gdb. Your options if you don't like this are to hack gdb to send the SysRq-G for you as well as on the initial connect, or to use a debugger proxy that allows an unmodified gdb to do the debugging.
Kernel parameter: kgdboc_earlycon
¶
If you specify the kernel parameter kgdboc_earlycon
and your serial
driver registers a boot console that supports polling (doesn't need
interrupts and implements a nonblocking read() function) kgdb will attempt
to work using the boot console until it can transition to the regular
tty driver specified by the kgdboc
parameter.
Normally there is only one boot console (especially that implements the
read() function) so just adding kgdboc_earlycon
on its own is
sufficient to make this work. If you have more than one boot console you
can add the boot console's name to differentiate. Note that names that
are registered through the boot console layer and the tty layer are not
the same for the same port.
For instance, on one board to be explicit you might do:
kgdboc_earlycon=qcom_geni kgdboc=ttyMSM0
If the only boot console on the device was "qcom_geni", you could simplify:
kgdboc_earlycon kgdboc=ttyMSM0
Kernel parameter: kgdbwait
¶
The Kernel command line option kgdbwait
makes kgdb wait for a
debugger connection during booting of a kernel. You can only use this
option if you compiled a kgdb I/O driver into the kernel and you
specified the I/O driver configuration as a kernel command line option.
The kgdbwait parameter should always follow the configuration parameter
for the kgdb I/O driver in the kernel command line else the I/O driver
will not be configured prior to asking the kernel to use it to wait.
The kernel will stop and wait as early as the I/O driver and architecture allows when you use this option. If you build the kgdb I/O driver as a loadable kernel module kgdbwait will not do anything.
Kernel parameter: kgdbcon
¶
The kgdbcon
feature allows you to see printk()
messages inside gdb
while gdb is connected to the kernel. Kdb does not make use of the kgdbcon
feature.
Kgdb supports using the gdb serial protocol to send console messages to the debugger when the debugger is connected and running. There are two ways to activate this feature.
Activate with the kernel command line option:
kgdbcon
Use sysfs before configuring an I/O driver:
echo 1 > /sys/module/kgdb/parameters/kgdb_use_con
Note
If you do this after you configure the kgdb I/O driver, the setting will not take effect until the next point the I/O is reconfigured.
Important
You cannot use kgdboc + kgdbcon on a tty that is an active system console. An example of incorrect usage is:
console=ttyS0,115200 kgdboc=ttyS0 kgdbcon
It is possible to use this option with kgdboc on a tty that is not a system console.
Run time parameter: kgdbreboot
¶
The kgdbreboot feature allows you to change how the debugger deals with the reboot notification. You have 3 choices for the behavior. The default behavior is always set to 0.
1 |
|
Ignore the reboot notification entirely. |
2 |
|
Send the detach message to any attached debugger client. |
3 |
|
Enter the debugger on reboot notify. |
Kernel parameter: nokaslr
¶
If the architecture that you are using enable KASLR by default, you should consider turning it off. KASLR randomizes the virtual address where the kernel image is mapped and confuse gdb which resolve kernel symbol address from symbol table of vmlinux.
Using kdb¶
Quick start for kdb on a serial port¶
This is a quick example of how to use kdb.
Configure kgdboc at boot using kernel parameters:
console=ttyS0,115200 kgdboc=ttyS0,115200 nokaslr
OR
Configure kgdboc after the kernel has booted; assuming you are using a serial port console:
echo ttyS0 > /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc
Enter the kernel debugger manually or by waiting for an oops or fault. There are several ways you can enter the kernel debugger manually; all involve using the SysRq-G, which means you must have enabled
CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=y
in your kernel config.When logged in as root or with a super user session you can run:
echo g > /proc/sysrq-trigger
Example using minicom 2.2
Press: CTRL-A f g
When you have telneted to a terminal server that supports sending a remote break
Press: CTRL-]
Type in:
send break
Press: Enter g
From the kdb prompt you can run the
help
command to see a complete list of the commands that are available.Some useful commands in kdb include:
lsmod
Shows where kernel modules are loaded
ps
Displays only the active processes
ps A
Shows all the processes
summary
Shows kernel version info and memory usage
bt
Get a backtrace of the current process using dump_stack()
dmesg
View the kernel syslog buffer
go
Continue the system
When you are done using kdb you need to consider rebooting the system or using the
go
command to resuming normal kernel execution. If you have paused the kernel for a lengthy period of time, applications that rely on timely networking or anything to do with real wall clock time could be adversely affected, so you should take this into consideration when using the kernel debugger.
Quick start for kdb using a keyboard connected console¶
This is a quick example of how to use kdb with a keyboard.
Configure kgdboc at boot using kernel parameters:
kgdboc=kbd
OR
Configure kgdboc after the kernel has booted:
echo kbd > /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc
Enter the kernel debugger manually or by waiting for an oops or fault. There are several ways you can enter the kernel debugger manually; all involve using the SysRq-G, which means you must have enabled
CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=y
in your kernel config.When logged in as root or with a super user session you can run:
echo g > /proc/sysrq-trigger
Example using a laptop keyboard:
Press and hold down: Alt
Press and hold down: Fn
Press and release the key with the label: SysRq
Release: Fn
Press and release: g
Release: Alt
Example using a PS/2 101-key keyboard
Press and hold down: Alt
Press and release the key with the label: SysRq
Press and release: g
Release: Alt
Now type in a kdb command such as
help
,dmesg
,bt
orgo
to continue kernel execution.
Using kgdb / gdb¶
In order to use kgdb you must activate it by passing configuration information to one of the kgdb I/O drivers. If you do not pass any configuration information kgdb will not do anything at all. Kgdb will only actively hook up to the kernel trap hooks if a kgdb I/O driver is loaded and configured. If you unconfigure a kgdb I/O driver, kgdb will unregister all the kernel hook points.
All kgdb I/O drivers can be reconfigured at run time, if
CONFIG_SYSFS
and CONFIG_MODULES
are enabled, by echo'ing a new
config string to /sys/module/<driver>/parameter/<option>
. The driver
can be unconfigured by passing an empty string. You cannot change the
configuration while the debugger is attached. Make sure to detach the
debugger with the detach
command prior to trying to unconfigure a
kgdb I/O driver.
Connecting with gdb to a serial port¶
Configure kgdboc
Configure kgdboc at boot using kernel parameters:
kgdboc=ttyS0,115200
OR
Configure kgdboc after the kernel has booted:
echo ttyS0 > /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc
Stop kernel execution (break into the debugger)
In order to connect to gdb via kgdboc, the kernel must first be stopped. There are several ways to stop the kernel which include using kgdbwait as a boot argument, via a SysRq-G, or running the kernel until it takes an exception where it waits for the debugger to attach.
When logged in as root or with a super user session you can run:
echo g > /proc/sysrq-trigger
Example using minicom 2.2
Press: CTRL-A f g
When you have telneted to a terminal server that supports sending a remote break
Press: CTRL-]
Type in:
send break
Press: Enter g
Connect from gdb
Example (using a directly connected port):
% gdb ./vmlinux (gdb) set serial baud 115200 (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0
Example (kgdb to a terminal server on TCP port 2012):
% gdb ./vmlinux (gdb) target remote 192.168.2.2:2012
Once connected, you can debug a kernel the way you would debug an application program.
If you are having problems connecting or something is going seriously wrong while debugging, it will most often be the case that you want to enable gdb to be verbose about its target communications. You do this prior to issuing the
target remote
command by typing in:set debug remote 1
Remember if you continue in gdb, and need to "break in" again, you need
to issue an other SysRq-G. It is easy to create a simple entry point by
putting a breakpoint at sys_sync
and then you can run sync
from a
shell or script to break into the debugger.
kgdb and kdb interoperability¶
It is possible to transition between kdb and kgdb dynamically. The debug core will remember which you used the last time and automatically start in the same mode.
Switching between kdb and kgdb¶
Switching from kgdb to kdb¶
There are two ways to switch from kgdb to kdb: you can use gdb to issue
a maintenance packet, or you can blindly type the command $3#33
.
Whenever the kernel debugger stops in kgdb mode it will print the
message KGDB or $3#33 for KDB
. It is important to note that you have
to type the sequence correctly in one pass. You cannot type a backspace
or delete because kgdb will interpret that as part of the debug stream.
Change from kgdb to kdb by blindly typing:
$3#33
Change from kgdb to kdb with gdb:
maintenance packet 3
Note
Now you must kill gdb. Typically you press CTRL-Z and issue the command:
kill -9 %
Change from kdb to kgdb¶
There are two ways you can change from kdb to kgdb. You can manually enter kgdb mode by issuing the kgdb command from the kdb shell prompt, or you can connect gdb while the kdb shell prompt is active. The kdb shell looks for the typical first commands that gdb would issue with the gdb remote protocol and if it sees one of those commands it automatically changes into kgdb mode.
From kdb issue the command:
kgdb
Now disconnect your terminal program and connect gdb in its place
At the kdb prompt, disconnect the terminal program and connect gdb in its place.
Running kdb commands from gdb¶
It is possible to run a limited set of kdb commands from gdb, using the
gdb monitor command. You don't want to execute any of the run control or
breakpoint operations, because it can disrupt the state of the kernel
debugger. You should be using gdb for breakpoints and run control
operations if you have gdb connected. The more useful commands to run
are things like lsmod, dmesg, ps or possibly some of the memory
information commands. To see all the kdb commands you can run
monitor help
.
Example:
(gdb) monitor ps
1 idle process (state I) and
27 sleeping system daemon (state M) processes suppressed,
use 'ps A' to see all.
Task Addr Pid Parent [*] cpu State Thread Command
0xc78291d0 1 0 0 0 S 0xc7829404 init
0xc7954150 942 1 0 0 S 0xc7954384 dropbear
0xc78789c0 944 1 0 0 S 0xc7878bf4 sh
(gdb)
kgdb Test Suite¶
When kgdb is enabled in the kernel config you can also elect to enable
the config parameter KGDB_TESTS
. Turning this on will enable a special
kgdb I/O module which is designed to test the kgdb internal functions.
The kgdb tests are mainly intended for developers to test the kgdb
internals as well as a tool for developing a new kgdb architecture
specific implementation. These tests are not really for end users of the
Linux kernel. The primary source of documentation would be to look in
the drivers/misc/kgdbts.c
file.
The kgdb test suite can also be configured at compile time to run the
core set of tests by setting the kernel config parameter
KGDB_TESTS_ON_BOOT
. This particular option is aimed at automated
regression testing and does not require modifying the kernel boot config
arguments. If this is turned on, the kgdb test suite can be disabled by
specifying kgdbts=
as a kernel boot argument.
Kernel Debugger Internals¶
Architecture Specifics¶
The kernel debugger is organized into a number of components:
The debug core
The debug core is found in
kernel/debugger/debug_core.c
. It contains:A generic OS exception handler which includes sync'ing the processors into a stopped state on an multi-CPU system.
The API to talk to the kgdb I/O drivers
The API to make calls to the arch-specific kgdb implementation
The logic to perform safe memory reads and writes to memory while using the debugger
A full implementation for software breakpoints unless overridden by the arch
The API to invoke either the kdb or kgdb frontend to the debug core.
The structures and callback API for atomic kernel mode setting.
Note
kgdboc is where the kms callbacks are invoked.
kgdb arch-specific implementation
This implementation is generally found in
arch/*/kernel/kgdb.c
. As an example,arch/x86/kernel/kgdb.c
contains the specifics to implement HW breakpoint as well as the initialization to dynamically register and unregister for the trap handlers on this architecture. The arch-specific portion implements:contains an arch-specific trap catcher which invokes kgdb_handle_exception() to start kgdb about doing its work
translation to and from gdb specific packet format to struct pt_regs
Registration and unregistration of architecture specific trap hooks
Any special exception handling and cleanup
NMI exception handling and cleanup
(optional) HW breakpoints
gdbstub frontend (aka kgdb)
The gdbstub is located in
kernel/debug/gdbstub.c
. It contains:All the logic to implement the gdb serial protocol
kdb frontend
The kdb debugger shell is broken down into a number of components. The kdb core is located in kernel/debug/kdb. There are a number of helper functions in some of the other kernel components to make it possible for kdb to examine and report information about the kernel without taking locks that could cause a kernel deadlock. The kdb core contains implements the following functionality.
A simple shell
The kdb core command set
A registration API to register additional kdb shell commands.
A good example of a self-contained kdb module is the
ftdump
command for dumping the ftrace buffer. See:kernel/trace/trace_kdb.c
For an example of how to dynamically register a new kdb command you can build the kdb_hello.ko kernel module from
samples/kdb/kdb_hello.c
. To build this example you can setCONFIG_SAMPLES=y
andCONFIG_SAMPLE_KDB=m
in your kernel config. Later runmodprobe kdb_hello
and the next time you enter the kdb shell, you can run thehello
command.
The implementation for kdb_printf() which emits messages directly to I/O drivers, bypassing the kernel log.
SW / HW breakpoint management for the kdb shell
kgdb I/O driver
Each kgdb I/O driver has to provide an implementation for the following:
configuration via built-in or module
dynamic configuration and kgdb hook registration calls
read and write character interface
A cleanup handler for unconfiguring from the kgdb core
(optional) Early debug methodology
Any given kgdb I/O driver has to operate very closely with the hardware and must do it in such a way that does not enable interrupts or change other parts of the system context without completely restoring them. The kgdb core will repeatedly "poll" a kgdb I/O driver for characters when it needs input. The I/O driver is expected to return immediately if there is no data available. Doing so allows for the future possibility to touch watchdog hardware in such a way as to have a target system not reset when these are enabled.
If you are intent on adding kgdb architecture specific support for a new
architecture, the architecture should define HAVE_ARCH_KGDB
in the
architecture specific Kconfig file. This will enable kgdb for the
architecture, and at that point you must create an architecture specific
kgdb implementation.
There are a few flags which must be set on every architecture in their
asm/kgdb.h
file. These are:
NUMREGBYTES
:The size in bytes of all of the registers, so that we can ensure they will all fit into a packet.
BUFMAX
:The size in bytes of the buffer GDB will read into. This must be larger than NUMREGBYTES.
CACHE_FLUSH_IS_SAFE
:Set to 1 if it is always safe to call flush_cache_range or flush_icache_range. On some architectures, these functions may not be safe to call on SMP since we keep other CPUs in a holding pattern.
There are also the following functions for the common backend, found in
kernel/kgdb.c
, that must be supplied by the architecture-specific
backend unless marked as (optional), in which case a default function
maybe used if the architecture does not need to provide a specific
implementation.
-
int kgdb_skipexception(int exception, struct pt_regs *regs)¶
(optional) exit kgdb_handle_exception early
Parameters
int exception
Exception vector number
struct pt_regs *regs
Current
struct pt_regs
.On some architectures it is required to skip a breakpoint exception when it occurs after a breakpoint has been removed. This can be implemented in the architecture specific portion of kgdb.
-
void kgdb_breakpoint(void)¶
compiled in breakpoint
Parameters
void
no arguments
Description
This will be implemented as a static inline per architecture. This function is called by the kgdb core to execute an architecture specific trap to cause kgdb to enter the exception processing.
-
int kgdb_arch_init(void)¶
Perform any architecture specific initialization.
Parameters
void
no arguments
Description
This function will handle the initialization of any architecture specific callbacks.
-
void kgdb_arch_exit(void)¶
Perform any architecture specific uninitalization.
Parameters
void
no arguments
Description
This function will handle the uninitalization of any architecture specific callbacks, for dynamic registration and unregistration.
-
void pt_regs_to_gdb_regs(unsigned long *gdb_regs, struct pt_regs *regs)¶
Convert ptrace regs to GDB regs
Parameters
unsigned long *gdb_regs
A pointer to hold the registers in the order GDB wants.
struct pt_regs *regs
The
struct pt_regs
of the current process.Convert the pt_regs in regs into the format for registers that GDB expects, stored in gdb_regs.
-
void sleeping_thread_to_gdb_regs(unsigned long *gdb_regs, struct task_struct *p)¶
Convert ptrace regs to GDB regs
Parameters
unsigned long *gdb_regs
A pointer to hold the registers in the order GDB wants.
struct task_struct *p
The
struct task_struct
of the desired process.Convert the register values of the sleeping process in p to the format that GDB expects. This function is called when kgdb does not have access to the
struct pt_regs
and therefore it should fill the gdb registers gdb_regs with what has been saved instruct thread_struct
thread field during switch_to.
-
void gdb_regs_to_pt_regs(unsigned long *gdb_regs, struct pt_regs *regs)¶
Convert GDB regs to ptrace regs.
Parameters
unsigned long *gdb_regs
A pointer to hold the registers we've received from GDB.
struct pt_regs *regs
A pointer to a
struct pt_regs
to hold these values in.Convert the GDB regs in gdb_regs into the pt_regs, and store them in regs.
-
int kgdb_arch_handle_exception(int vector, int signo, int err_code, char *remcom_in_buffer, char *remcom_out_buffer, struct pt_regs *regs)¶
Handle architecture specific GDB packets.
Parameters
int vector
The error vector of the exception that happened.
int signo
The signal number of the exception that happened.
int err_code
The error code of the exception that happened.
char *remcom_in_buffer
The buffer of the packet we have read.
char *remcom_out_buffer
The buffer of
BUFMAX
bytes to write a packet into.struct pt_regs *regs
The
struct pt_regs
of the current process.This function MUST handle the 'c' and 's' command packets, as well packets to set / remove a hardware breakpoint, if used. If there are additional packets which the hardware needs to handle, they are handled here. The code should return -1 if it wants to process more packets, and a
0
or1
if it wants to exit from the kgdb callback.
-
void kgdb_arch_handle_qxfer_pkt(char *remcom_in_buffer, char *remcom_out_buffer)¶
Handle architecture specific GDB XML packets.
Parameters
char *remcom_in_buffer
The buffer of the packet we have read.
char *remcom_out_buffer
The buffer of
BUFMAX
bytes to write a packet into.
-
void kgdb_call_nmi_hook(void *ignored)¶
Call kgdb_nmicallback() on the current CPU
Parameters
void *ignored
This parameter is only here to match the prototype.
If you're using the default implementation of
kgdb_roundup_cpus()
this function will be called per CPU. If you don't implementkgdb_call_nmi_hook()
a default will be used.
-
void kgdb_roundup_cpus(void)¶
Get other CPUs into a holding pattern
Parameters
void
no arguments
Description
On SMP systems, we need to get the attention of the other CPUs and get them into a known state. This should do what is needed to get the other CPUs to call kgdb_wait(). Note that on some arches, the NMI approach is not used for rounding up all the CPUs. Normally those architectures can just not implement this and get the default.
On non-SMP systems, this is not called.
-
void kgdb_arch_set_pc(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long pc)¶
Generic call back to the program counter
Parameters
struct pt_regs *regs
Current
struct pt_regs
.unsigned long pc
The new value for the program counter
This function handles updating the program counter and requires an architecture specific implementation.
-
void kgdb_arch_late(void)¶
Perform any architecture specific initialization.
Parameters
void
no arguments
Description
This function will handle the late initialization of any architecture specific callbacks. This is an optional function for handling things like late initialization of hw breakpoints. The default implementation does nothing.
-
struct kgdb_arch¶
Describe architecture specific values.
Definition:
struct kgdb_arch {
unsigned char gdb_bpt_instr[BREAK_INSTR_SIZE];
unsigned long flags;
int (*set_breakpoint)(unsigned long, char *);
int (*remove_breakpoint)(unsigned long, char *);
int (*set_hw_breakpoint)(unsigned long, int, enum kgdb_bptype);
int (*remove_hw_breakpoint)(unsigned long, int, enum kgdb_bptype);
void (*disable_hw_break)(struct pt_regs *regs);
void (*remove_all_hw_break)(void);
void (*correct_hw_break)(void);
void (*enable_nmi)(bool on);
};
Members
gdb_bpt_instr
The instruction to trigger a breakpoint.
flags
Flags for the breakpoint, currently just
KGDB_HW_BREAKPOINT
.set_breakpoint
Allow an architecture to specify how to set a software breakpoint.
remove_breakpoint
Allow an architecture to specify how to remove a software breakpoint.
set_hw_breakpoint
Allow an architecture to specify how to set a hardware breakpoint.
remove_hw_breakpoint
Allow an architecture to specify how to remove a hardware breakpoint.
disable_hw_break
Allow an architecture to specify how to disable hardware breakpoints for a single cpu.
remove_all_hw_break
Allow an architecture to specify how to remove all hardware breakpoints.
correct_hw_break
Allow an architecture to specify how to correct the hardware debug registers.
enable_nmi
Manage NMI-triggered entry to KGDB
-
struct kgdb_io¶
Describe the interface for an I/O driver to talk with KGDB.
Definition:
struct kgdb_io {
const char *name;
int (*read_char) (void);
void (*write_char) (u8);
void (*flush) (void);
int (*init) (void);
void (*deinit) (void);
void (*pre_exception) (void);
void (*post_exception) (void);
struct console *cons;
};
Members
name
Name of the I/O driver.
read_char
Pointer to a function that will return one char.
write_char
Pointer to a function that will write one char.
flush
Pointer to a function that will flush any pending writes.
init
Pointer to a function that will initialize the device.
deinit
Pointer to a function that will deinit the device. Implies that this I/O driver is temporary and expects to be replaced. Called when an I/O driver is replaced or explicitly unregistered.
pre_exception
Pointer to a function that will do any prep work for the I/O driver.
post_exception
Pointer to a function that will do any cleanup work for the I/O driver.
cons
valid if the I/O device is a console; else NULL.
kgdboc internals¶
kgdboc and uarts¶
The kgdboc driver is actually a very thin driver that relies on the underlying low level to the hardware driver having "polling hooks" to which the tty driver is attached. In the initial implementation of kgdboc the serial_core was changed to expose a low level UART hook for doing polled mode reading and writing of a single character while in an atomic context. When kgdb makes an I/O request to the debugger, kgdboc invokes a callback in the serial core which in turn uses the callback in the UART driver.
When using kgdboc with a UART, the UART driver must implement two
callbacks in the struct uart_ops
.
Example from drivers/8250.c
:
#ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL
.poll_get_char = serial8250_get_poll_char,
.poll_put_char = serial8250_put_poll_char,
#endif
Any implementation specifics around creating a polling driver use the
#ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL
, as shown above. Keep in mind that
polling hooks have to be implemented in such a way that they can be
called from an atomic context and have to restore the state of the UART
chip on return such that the system can return to normal when the
debugger detaches. You need to be very careful with any kind of lock you
consider, because failing here is most likely going to mean pressing the
reset button.
kgdboc and keyboards¶
The kgdboc driver contains logic to configure communications with an
attached keyboard. The keyboard infrastructure is only compiled into the
kernel when CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD=y
is set in the kernel configuration.
The core polled keyboard driver for PS/2 type keyboards is in
drivers/char/kdb_keyboard.c
. This driver is hooked into the debug core
when kgdboc populates the callback in the array called
kdb_poll_funcs[]. The kdb_get_kbd_char() is the top-level
function which polls hardware for single character input.
kgdboc and kms¶
The kgdboc driver contains logic to request the graphics display to
switch to a text context when you are using kgdboc=kms,kbd
, provided
that you have a video driver which has a frame buffer console and atomic
kernel mode setting support.
Every time the kernel debugger is entered it calls kgdboc_pre_exp_handler() which in turn calls con_debug_enter() in the virtual console layer. On resuming kernel execution, the kernel debugger calls kgdboc_post_exp_handler() which in turn calls con_debug_leave().
Any video driver that wants to be compatible with the kernel debugger
and the atomic kms callbacks must implement the mode_set_base_atomic
,
fb_debug_enter
and fb_debug_leave operations
. For the
fb_debug_enter
and fb_debug_leave
the option exists to use the
generic drm fb helper functions or implement something custom for the
hardware. The following example shows the initialization of the
.mode_set_base_atomic operation in
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_display.c:
static const struct drm_crtc_helper_funcs intel_helper_funcs = {
[...]
.mode_set_base_atomic = intel_pipe_set_base_atomic,
[...]
};
Here is an example of how the i915 driver initializes the
fb_debug_enter and fb_debug_leave functions to use the generic drm
helpers in drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_fb.c
:
static struct fb_ops intelfb_ops = {
[...]
.fb_debug_enter = drm_fb_helper_debug_enter,
.fb_debug_leave = drm_fb_helper_debug_leave,
[...]
};
Credits¶
The following people have contributed to this document:
Amit Kale <amitkale@linsyssoft.com>
Tom Rini <trini@kernel.crashing.org>
In March 2008 this document was completely rewritten by:
Jason Wessel <jason.wessel@windriver.com>
In Jan 2010 this document was updated to include kdb.
Jason Wessel <jason.wessel@windriver.com>