amd-pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver

Copyright

© 2021 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Author

Huang Rui <ray.huang@amd.com>

Introduction

amd-pstate is the AMD CPU performance scaling driver that introduces a new CPU frequency control mechanism on modern AMD APU and CPU series in Linux kernel. The new mechanism is based on Collaborative Processor Performance Control (CPPC) which provides finer grain frequency management than legacy ACPI hardware P-States. Current AMD CPU/APU platforms are using the ACPI P-states driver to manage CPU frequency and clocks with switching only in 3 P-states. CPPC replaces the ACPI P-states controls and allows a flexible, low-latency interface for the Linux kernel to directly communicate the performance hints to hardware.

amd-pstate leverages the Linux kernel governors such as schedutil, ondemand, etc. to manage the performance hints which are provided by CPPC hardware functionality that internally follows the hardware specification (for details refer to AMD64 Architecture Programmer’s Manual Volume 2: System Programming 1). Currently, amd-pstate supports basic frequency control function according to kernel governors on some of the Zen2 and Zen3 processors, and we will implement more AMD specific functions in future after we verify them on the hardware and SBIOS.

AMD CPPC Overview

Collaborative Processor Performance Control (CPPC) interface enumerates a continuous, abstract, and unit-less performance value in a scale that is not tied to a specific performance state / frequency. This is an ACPI standard 2 which software can specify application performance goals and hints as a relative target to the infrastructure limits. AMD processors provide the low latency register model (MSR) instead of an AML code interpreter for performance adjustments. amd-pstate will initialize a struct cpufreq_driver instance, amd_pstate_driver, with the callbacks to manage each performance update behavior.

Highest Perf ------>+-----------------------+                         +-----------------------+
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |          Max Perf  ---->|                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
Nominal Perf ------>+-----------------------+                         +-----------------------+
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |      Desired Perf  ---->|                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
 Lowest non-        |                       |                         |                       |
 linear perf ------>+-----------------------+                         +-----------------------+
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |       Lowest perf  ---->|                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
 Lowest perf ------>+-----------------------+                         +-----------------------+
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
                    |                       |                         |                       |
         0   ------>+-----------------------+                         +-----------------------+

                                    AMD P-States Performance Scale

AMD CPPC Performance Capability

Highest Performance (RO)

This is the absolute maximum performance an individual processor may reach, assuming ideal conditions. This performance level may not be sustainable for long durations and may only be achievable if other platform components are in a specific state; for example, it may require other processors to be in an idle state. This would be equivalent to the highest frequencies supported by the processor.

Nominal (Guaranteed) Performance (RO)

This is the maximum sustained performance level of the processor, assuming ideal operating conditions. In the absence of an external constraint (power, thermal, etc.), this is the performance level the processor is expected to be able to maintain continuously. All cores/processors are expected to be able to sustain their nominal performance state simultaneously.

Lowest non-linear Performance (RO)

This is the lowest performance level at which nonlinear power savings are achieved, for example, due to the combined effects of voltage and frequency scaling. Above this threshold, lower performance levels should be generally more energy efficient than higher performance levels. This register effectively conveys the most efficient performance level to amd-pstate.

Lowest Performance (RO)

This is the absolute lowest performance level of the processor. Selecting a performance level lower than the lowest nonlinear performance level may cause an efficiency penalty but should reduce the instantaneous power consumption of the processor.

AMD CPPC Performance Control

amd-pstate passes performance goals through these registers. The register drives the behavior of the desired performance target.

Minimum requested performance (RW)

amd-pstate specifies the minimum allowed performance level.

Maximum requested performance (RW)

amd-pstate specifies a limit the maximum performance that is expected to be supplied by the hardware.

Desired performance target (RW)

amd-pstate specifies a desired target in the CPPC performance scale as a relative number. This can be expressed as percentage of nominal performance (infrastructure max). Below the nominal sustained performance level, desired performance expresses the average performance level of the processor subject to hardware. Above the nominal performance level, the processor must provide at least nominal performance requested and go higher if current operating conditions allow.

Energy Performance Preference (EPP) (RW)

This attribute provides a hint to the hardware if software wants to bias toward performance (0x0) or energy efficiency (0xff).

Key Governors Support

amd-pstate can be used with all the (generic) scaling governors listed by the scaling_available_governors policy attribute in sysfs. Then, it is responsible for the configuration of policy objects corresponding to CPUs and provides the CPUFreq core (and the scaling governors attached to the policy objects) with accurate information on the maximum and minimum operating frequencies supported by the hardware. Users can check the scaling_cur_freq information comes from the CPUFreq core.

amd-pstate mainly supports schedutil and ondemand for dynamic frequency control. It is to fine tune the processor configuration on amd-pstate to the schedutil with CPU CFS scheduler. amd-pstate registers the adjust_perf callback to implement performance update behavior similar to CPPC. It is initialized by sugov_start and then populates the CPU’s update_util_data pointer to assign sugov_update_single_perf as the utilization update callback function in the CPU scheduler. The CPU scheduler will call cpufreq_update_util and assigns the target performance according to the struct sugov_cpu that the utilization update belongs to. Then, amd-pstate updates the desired performance according to the CPU scheduler assigned.

Processor Support

The amd-pstate initialization will fail if the _CPC entry in the ACPI SBIOS does not exist in the detected processor. It uses acpi_cpc_valid to check the existence of _CPC. All Zen based processors support the legacy ACPI hardware P-States function, so when amd-pstate fails initialization, the kernel will fall back to initialize the acpi-cpufreq driver.

There are two types of hardware implementations for amd-pstate: one is Full MSR Support and another is Shared Memory Support. It can use the X86_FEATURE_CPPC feature flag to indicate the different types. (For details, refer to the Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 51h, Revision A1 Processors 3.) amd-pstate is to register different static_call instances for different hardware implementations.

Currently, some of the Zen2 and Zen3 processors support amd-pstate. In the future, it will be supported on more and more AMD processors.

Full MSR Support

Some new Zen3 processors such as Cezanne provide the MSR registers directly while the X86_FEATURE_CPPC CPU feature flag is set. amd-pstate can handle the MSR register to implement the fast switch function in CPUFreq that can reduce the latency of frequency control in interrupt context. The functions with a pstate_xxx prefix represent the operations on MSR registers.

Shared Memory Support

If the X86_FEATURE_CPPC CPU feature flag is not set, the processor supports the shared memory solution. In this case, amd-pstate uses the cppc_acpi helper methods to implement the callback functions that are defined on static_call. The functions with the cppc_xxx prefix represent the operations of ACPI CPPC helpers for the shared memory solution.

AMD P-States and ACPI hardware P-States always can be supported in one processor. But AMD P-States has the higher priority and if it is enabled with MSR_AMD_CPPC_ENABLE or cppc_set_enable, it will respond to the request from AMD P-States.

User Space Interface in sysfs - Per-policy control

amd-pstate exposes several global attributes (files) in sysfs to control its functionality at the system level. They are located in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policyX/ directory and affect all CPUs.

root@hr-test1:/home/ray# ls /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/*amd*
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/amd_pstate_highest_perf
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/amd_pstate_lowest_nonlinear_freq
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/amd_pstate_max_freq

amd_pstate_highest_perf / amd_pstate_max_freq

Maximum CPPC performance and CPU frequency that the driver is allowed to set, in percent of the maximum supported CPPC performance level (the highest performance supported in AMD CPPC Performance Capability). In some ASICs, the highest CPPC performance is not the one in the _CPC table, so we need to expose it to sysfs. If boost is not active, but still supported, this maximum frequency will be larger than the one in cpuinfo. This attribute is read-only.

amd_pstate_lowest_nonlinear_freq

The lowest non-linear CPPC CPU frequency that the driver is allowed to set, in percent of the maximum supported CPPC performance level. (Please see the lowest non-linear performance in AMD CPPC Performance Capability.) This attribute is read-only.

energy_performance_available_preferences

A list of all the supported EPP preferences that could be used for energy_performance_preference on this system. These profiles represent different hints that are provided to the low-level firmware about the user’s desired energy vs efficiency tradeoff. default represents the epp value is set by platform firmware. This attribute is read-only.

energy_performance_preference

The current energy performance preference can be read from this attribute. and user can change current preference according to energy or performance needs Please get all support profiles list from energy_performance_available_preferences attribute, all the profiles are integer values defined between 0 to 255 when EPP feature is enabled by platform firmware, if EPP feature is disabled, driver will ignore the written value This attribute is read-write.

Other performance and frequency values can be read back from /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/acpi_cppc/, see CPPC.

amd-pstate vs acpi-cpufreq

On the majority of AMD platforms supported by acpi-cpufreq, the ACPI tables provided by the platform firmware are used for CPU performance scaling, but only provide 3 P-states on AMD processors. However, on modern AMD APU and CPU series, hardware provides the Collaborative Processor Performance Control according to the ACPI protocol and customizes this for AMD platforms. That is, fine-grained and continuous frequency ranges instead of the legacy hardware P-states. amd-pstate is the kernel module which supports the new AMD P-States mechanism on most of the future AMD platforms. The AMD P-States mechanism is the more performance and energy efficiency frequency management method on AMD processors.

AMD Pstate Driver Operation Modes

amd_pstate CPPC has two operation modes: CPPC Autonomous(active) mode and CPPC non-autonomous(passive) mode. active mode and passive mode can be chosen by different kernel parameters. When in Autonomous mode, CPPC ignores requests done in the Desired Performance Target register and takes into account only the values set to the Minimum requested performance, Maximum requested performance, and Energy Performance Preference registers. When Autonomous is disabled, it only considers the Desired Performance Target.

Active Mode

amd_pstate=active

This is the low-level firmware control mode which is implemented by amd_pstate_epp driver with amd_pstate=active passed to the kernel in the command line. In this mode, amd_pstate_epp driver provides a hint to the hardware if software wants to bias toward performance (0x0) or energy efficiency (0xff) to the CPPC firmware. then CPPC power algorithm will calculate the runtime workload and adjust the realtime cores frequency according to the power supply and thermal, core voltage and some other hardware conditions.

Passive Mode

amd_pstate=passive

It will be enabled if the amd_pstate=passive is passed to the kernel in the command line. In this mode, amd_pstate driver software specifies a desired QoS target in the CPPC performance scale as a relative number. This can be expressed as percentage of nominal performance (infrastructure max). Below the nominal sustained performance level, desired performance expresses the average performance level of the processor subject to the Performance Reduction Tolerance register. Above the nominal performance level, processor must provide at least nominal performance requested and go higher if current operating conditions allow.

User Space Interface in sysfs - General

Global Attributes

amd-pstate exposes several global attributes (files) in sysfs to control its functionality at the system level. They are located in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/amd-pstate/ directory and affect all CPUs.

status

Operation mode of the driver: “active”, “passive” or “disable”.

“active”

The driver is functional and in the active mode

“passive”

The driver is functional and in the passive mode

“disable”

The driver is unregistered and not functional now.

This attribute can be written to in order to change the driver’s operation mode or to unregister it. The string written to it must be one of the possible values of it and, if successful, writing one of these values to the sysfs file will cause the driver to switch over to the operation mode represented by that string - or to be unregistered in the “disable” case.

cpupower tool support for amd-pstate

amd-pstate is supported by the cpupower tool, which can be used to dump frequency information. Development is in progress to support more and more operations for the new amd-pstate module with this tool.

root@hr-test1:/home/ray# cpupower frequency-info
analyzing CPU 0:
  driver: amd-pstate
  CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
  CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
  maximum transition latency: 131 us
  hardware limits: 400 MHz - 4.68 GHz
  available cpufreq governors: ondemand conservative powersave userspace performance schedutil
  current policy: frequency should be within 400 MHz and 4.68 GHz.
                  The governor "schedutil" may decide which speed to use
                  within this range.
  current CPU frequency: Unable to call hardware
  current CPU frequency: 4.02 GHz (asserted by call to kernel)
  boost state support:
    Supported: yes
    Active: yes
    AMD PSTATE Highest Performance: 166. Maximum Frequency: 4.68 GHz.
    AMD PSTATE Nominal Performance: 117. Nominal Frequency: 3.30 GHz.
    AMD PSTATE Lowest Non-linear Performance: 39. Lowest Non-linear Frequency: 1.10 GHz.
    AMD PSTATE Lowest Performance: 15. Lowest Frequency: 400 MHz.

Diagnostics and Tuning

Trace Events

There are two static trace events that can be used for amd-pstate diagnostics. One of them is the cpu_frequency trace event generally used by CPUFreq, and the other one is the amd_pstate_perf trace event specific to amd-pstate. The following sequence of shell commands can be used to enable them and see their output (if the kernel is configured to support event tracing).

root@hr-test1:/home/ray# cd /sys/kernel/tracing/
root@hr-test1:/sys/kernel/tracing# echo 1 > events/amd_cpu/enable
root@hr-test1:/sys/kernel/tracing# cat trace
# tracer: nop
#
# entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 47827/42233061   #P:2
#
#                                _-----=> irqs-off
#                               / _----=> need-resched
#                              | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
#                              || / _--=> preempt-depth
#                              ||| /     delay
#           TASK-PID     CPU#  ||||   TIMESTAMP  FUNCTION
#              | |         |   ||||      |         |
         <idle>-0       [015] dN...  4995.979886: amd_pstate_perf: amd_min_perf=85 amd_des_perf=85 amd_max_perf=166 cpu_id=15 changed=false fast_switch=true
         <idle>-0       [007] d.h..  4995.979893: amd_pstate_perf: amd_min_perf=85 amd_des_perf=85 amd_max_perf=166 cpu_id=7 changed=false fast_switch=true
            cat-2161    [000] d....  4995.980841: amd_pstate_perf: amd_min_perf=85 amd_des_perf=85 amd_max_perf=166 cpu_id=0 changed=false fast_switch=true
           sshd-2125    [004] d.s..  4995.980968: amd_pstate_perf: amd_min_perf=85 amd_des_perf=85 amd_max_perf=166 cpu_id=4 changed=false fast_switch=true
         <idle>-0       [007] d.s..  4995.980968: amd_pstate_perf: amd_min_perf=85 amd_des_perf=85 amd_max_perf=166 cpu_id=7 changed=false fast_switch=true
         <idle>-0       [003] d.s..  4995.980971: amd_pstate_perf: amd_min_perf=85 amd_des_perf=85 amd_max_perf=166 cpu_id=3 changed=false fast_switch=true
         <idle>-0       [011] d.s..  4995.980996: amd_pstate_perf: amd_min_perf=85 amd_des_perf=85 amd_max_perf=166 cpu_id=11 changed=false fast_switch=true

The cpu_frequency trace event will be triggered either by the schedutil scaling governor (for the policies it is attached to), or by the CPUFreq core (for the policies with other scaling governors).

Tracer Tool

amd_pstate_tracer.py can record and parse amd-pstate trace log, then generate performance plots. This utility can be used to debug and tune the performance of amd-pstate driver. The tracer tool needs to import intel pstate tracer.

Tracer tool located in linux/tools/power/x86/amd_pstate_tracer. It can be used in two ways. If trace file is available, then directly parse the file with command

./amd_pstate_trace.py [-c cpus] -t <trace_file> -n <test_name>

Or generate trace file with root privilege, then parse and plot with command

sudo ./amd_pstate_trace.py [-c cpus] -n <test_name> -i <interval> [-m kbytes]

The test result can be found in results/test_name. Following is the example about part of the output.

common_cpu  common_secs  common_usecs  min_perf  des_perf  max_perf  freq    mperf   apef    tsc       load   duration_ms  sample_num  elapsed_time  common_comm
CPU_005     712          116384        39        49        166       0.7565  9645075 2214891 38431470  25.1   11.646       469         2.496         kworker/5:0-40
CPU_006     712          116408        39        49        166       0.6769  8950227 1839034 37192089  24.06  11.272       470         2.496         kworker/6:0-1264

Unit Tests for amd-pstate

amd-pstate-ut is a test module for testing the amd-pstate driver.

  • It can help all users to verify their processor support (SBIOS/Firmware or Hardware).

  • Kernel can have a basic function test to avoid the kernel regression during the update.

  • We can introduce more functional or performance tests to align the result together, it will benefit power and performance scale optimization.

  1. Test case descriptions

    1). Basic tests

    Test prerequisite and basic functions for the amd-pstate driver.

    Index

    Functions

    Description

    1

    amd_pstate_ut_acpi_cpc_valid

    Check whether the _CPC object is present in SBIOS.

    The detail refer to Processor Support.

    2

    amd_pstate_ut_check_enabled

    Check whether AMD P-State is enabled.

    AMD P-States and ACPI hardware P-States always can be supported in one processor. But AMD P-States has the higher priority and if it is enabled with MSR_AMD_CPPC_ENABLE or cppc_set_enable, it will respond to the request from AMD P-States.

    3

    amd_pstate_ut_check_perf

    Check if the each performance values are reasonable.
    highest_perf >= nominal_perf > lowest_nonlinear_perf > lowest_perf > 0.

    4

    amd_pstate_ut_check_freq

    Check if the each frequency values and max freq when set support boost mode are reasonable.
    max_freq >= nominal_freq > lowest_nonlinear_freq > min_freq > 0
    If boost is not active but supported, this maximum frequency will be larger than the one in cpuinfo.

    2). Tbench test

    Test and monitor the cpu changes when running tbench benchmark under the specified governor. These changes include desire performance, frequency, load, performance, energy etc. The specified governor is ondemand or schedutil. Tbench can also be tested on the acpi-cpufreq kernel driver for comparison.

    3). Gitsource test

    Test and monitor the cpu changes when running gitsource benchmark under the specified governor. These changes include desire performance, frequency, load, time, energy etc. The specified governor is ondemand or schedutil. Gitsource can also be tested on the acpi-cpufreq kernel driver for comparison.

  2. How to execute the tests

    We use test module in the kselftest frameworks to implement it. We create amd-pstate-ut module and tie it into kselftest.(for details refer to Linux Kernel Selftests 4).

    1). Build

    • open the CONFIG_X86_AMD_PSTATE configuration option.

    • set the CONFIG_X86_AMD_PSTATE_UT configuration option to M.

    • make project

    • make selftest

      $ cd linux
      $ make -C tools/testing/selftests
      
    • make perf

      $ cd tools/perf/
      $ make
      

    2). Installation & Steps

    $ make -C tools/testing/selftests install INSTALL_PATH=~/kselftest
    $ cp tools/perf/perf /usr/bin/perf
    $ sudo ./kselftest/run_kselftest.sh -c amd-pstate
    

    3). Specified test case

    $ cd ~/kselftest/amd-pstate
    $ sudo ./run.sh -t basic
    $ sudo ./run.sh -t tbench
    $ sudo ./run.sh -t tbench -m acpi-cpufreq
    $ sudo ./run.sh -t gitsource
    $ sudo ./run.sh -t gitsource -m acpi-cpufreq
    $ ./run.sh --help
    ./run.sh: illegal option -- -
    Usage: ./run.sh [OPTION...]
            [-h <help>]
            [-o <output-file-for-dump>]
            [-c <all: All testing,
                 basic: Basic testing,
                 tbench: Tbench testing,
                 gitsource: Gitsource testing.>]
            [-t <tbench time limit>]
            [-p <tbench process number>]
            [-l <loop times for tbench>]
            [-i <amd tracer interval>]
            [-m <comparative test: acpi-cpufreq>]
    

    4). Results

    • basic

    When you finish test, you will get the following log info

    $ dmesg | grep "amd_pstate_ut" | tee log.txt
    [12977.570663] amd_pstate_ut: 1    amd_pstate_ut_acpi_cpc_valid  success!
    [12977.570673] amd_pstate_ut: 2    amd_pstate_ut_check_enabled   success!
    [12977.571207] amd_pstate_ut: 3    amd_pstate_ut_check_perf      success!
    [12977.571212] amd_pstate_ut: 4    amd_pstate_ut_check_freq      success!
    
    • tbench

    When you finish test, you will get selftest.tbench.csv and png images. The selftest.tbench.csv file contains the raw data and the drop of the comparative test. The png images shows the performance, energy and performan per watt of each test. Open selftest.tbench.csv :

    Governor

    Round

    Des-perf

    Freq

    Load

    Performance

    Energy

    Performance Per Watt

    Unit

    GHz

    MB/s

    J

    MB/J

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    1

    2504.05

    1563.67

    158.5378

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    2

    2243.64

    1430.32

    155.2941

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    3

    2183.88

    1401.32

    154.2860

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    Average

    2310.52

    1465.1

    156.1268

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    1

    165.329

    1.62257

    99.798

    2136.54

    1395.26

    151.5971

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    2

    166

    1.49761

    99.9993

    2100.56

    1380.5

    150.6377

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    3

    166

    1.47806

    99.9993

    2084.12

    1375.76

    149.9737

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    Average

    165.776

    1.53275

    99.9322

    2107.07

    1383.84

    150.7399

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    1

    2529.9

    1564.4

    160.0997

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    2

    2249.76

    1432.97

    155.4297

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    3

    2181.46

    1406.88

    153.5060

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    Average

    2320.37

    1468.08

    156.4741

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    1

    2137.64

    1385.24

    152.7723

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    2

    2107.05

    1372.23

    152.0138

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    3

    2085.86

    1365.35

    151.2433

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    Average

    2110.18

    1374.27

    152.0136

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand VS acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    Comprison(%)

    -9.0584

    -6.3899

    -2.8506

    amd-pstate-ondemand VS amd-pstate-schedutil

    Comprison(%)

    8.8053

    -5.5463

    -3.4503

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand VS amd-pstate-ondemand

    Comprison(%)

    -0.4245

    -0.2029

    -0.2219

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil VS amd-pstate-schedutil

    Comprison(%)

    -0.1473

    0.6963

    -0.8378

    • gitsource

    When you finish test, you will get selftest.gitsource.csv and png images. The selftest.gitsource.csv file contains the raw data and the drop of the comparative test. The png images shows the performance, energy and performan per watt of each test. Open selftest.gitsource.csv :

    Governor

    Round

    Des-perf

    Freq

    Load

    Time

    Energy

    Performance Per Watt

    Unit

    GHz

    s

    J

    1/J

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    1

    50.119

    2.10509

    23.3076

    475.69

    865.78

    0.001155027

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    2

    94.8006

    1.98771

    56.6533

    467.1

    839.67

    0.001190944

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    3

    76.6091

    2.53251

    43.7791

    467.69

    855.85

    0.001168429

    amd-pstate-ondemand

    Average

    73.8429

    2.20844

    41.2467

    470.16

    853.767

    0.001171279

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    1

    165.919

    1.62319

    98.3868

    464.17

    866.8

    0.001153668

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    2

    165.97

    1.31309

    99.5712

    480.15

    880.4

    0.001135847

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    3

    165.973

    1.28448

    99.9252

    481.79

    867.02

    0.001153375

    amd-pstate-schedutil

    Average

    165.954

    1.40692

    99.2944

    475.37

    871.407

    0.001147569

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    1

    2379.62

    742.96

    0.001345967

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    2

    441.74

    817.49

    0.001223256

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    3

    455.48

    820.01

    0.001219497

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand

    Average

    425.613

    793.487

    0.001260260

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    1

    459.69

    838.54

    0.001192548

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    2

    466.55

    830.89

    0.001203528

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    3

    470.38

    837.32

    0.001194286

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    Average

    465.54

    835.583

    0.001196769

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand VS acpi-cpufreq-schedutil

    Comprison(%)

    9.3810

    5.3051

    -5.0379

    amd-pstate-ondemand VS amd-pstate-schedutil

    Comprison(%)

    124.7392

    -36.2934

    140.7329

    1.1081

    2.0661

    -2.0242

    acpi-cpufreq-ondemand VS amd-pstate-ondemand

    Comprison(%)

    10.4665

    7.5968

    -7.0605

    acpi-cpufreq-schedutil VS amd-pstate-schedutil

    Comprison(%)

    2.1115

    4.2873

    -4.1110

Reference

1

AMD64 Architecture Programmer’s Manual Volume 2: System Programming, https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/24593.pdf

2

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Specification, https://uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/ACPI_Spec_6_4_Jan22.pdf

3

Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 51h, Revision A1 Processors https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/56569-A1-PUB.zip

4

Linux Kernel Selftests, https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/dev-tools/kselftest.html