sphinx.addnodesdocument)}( rawsourcechildren]( translations LanguagesNode)}(hhh](h pending_xref)}(hhh]docutils.nodesTextChinese (Simplified)}parenthsba attributes}(ids]classes]names]dupnames]backrefs] refdomainstdreftypedoc reftarget#/translations/zh_CN/process/changesmodnameN classnameN refexplicitutagnamehhh ubh)}(hhh]hChinese (Traditional)}hh2sbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget#/translations/zh_TW/process/changesmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hItalian}hhFsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget#/translations/it_IT/process/changesmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hJapanese}hhZsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget#/translations/ja_JP/process/changesmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hKorean}hhnsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget#/translations/ko_KR/process/changesmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hPortuguese (Brazilian)}hhsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget#/translations/pt_BR/process/changesmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hSpanish}hhsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget#/translations/sp_SP/process/changesmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]current_languageEnglishuh1h hh _documenthsourceNlineNubhtarget)}(h .. _changes:h]h}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refidchangesuh1hhKhhhhh=/var/lib/git/docbuild/linux/Documentation/process/changes.rstubhsection)}(hhh](htitle)}(h*Minimal requirements to compile the Kernelh]h*Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hIntroh]hIntro}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh paragraph)}(hzThis document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of software necessary to run the current kernel version.h]hzThis document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of software necessary to run the current kernel version.}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK hhhhubh)}(hThis document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch, Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the 'net).h]hThis document is originally based on my “Changes” file for 2.0.x kernels and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch, Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the ‘net).}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK hhhhubh)}(hhh](h)}(hCurrent Minimal Requirementsh]hCurrent Minimal Requirements}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hXUpgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently running, the suggested command should tell you. For a list of the programs on your system including their version execute ./scripts/ver_linuxh](hUpgrade to at }(hjhhhNhNubhstrong)}(h **least**h]hleast}(hj#hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j!hjubhX these software revisions before thinking you’ve encountered a bug! If you’re unsure what version you’re currently running, the suggested command should tell you. For a list of the programs on your system including their version execute ./scripts/ver_linux}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(hXAgain, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example, you probably do not need to concern yourself with pcmciautils.h]hXAgain, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally running a Linux kernel. 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--version}(hjyhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK)hjvubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjEubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hgdbh]hgdb}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK*hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h7.2h]h7.2}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK*hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h gdb --versionh]h gdb --version}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK*hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hGNU awk (optional)h]hGNU awk (optional)}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK+hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h5.1.0h]h5.1.0}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK+hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjubj~)}(hhh]h)}(hgawk --versionh]hgawk --version}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK+hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hGNU Ch]hGNU C}(hj5hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK,hj2ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj/ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h8.1h]h8.1}(hjLhhhNhNubah}(h]h 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hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK>hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hRust (optional)h]hRust (optional)}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK?hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h1.85.0h]h1.85.0}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK?hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(hrustc --versionh]hrustc --version}(hj- hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK?hj* ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hSphinx\ [#f1]_h](hSphinx }(hjM hhhNhNubhfootnote_reference)}(h[#f1]_h]h1}(hjW hhhNhNubah}(h]id1ah ]h"]h$]h&]autoKhf1docnameprocess/changesuh1jU hjM resolvedKubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK@hjJ ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjG ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h3.4.3h]h3.4.3}(hjz hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK@hjw ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjG ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(hsphinx-build --versionh]hsphinx-build --version}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK@hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjG ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hsquashfs-toolsh]hsquashfs-tools}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKAhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h4.0h]h4.0}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKAhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(hmksquashfs -versionh]hmksquashfs -version}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKAhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hudevh]hudev}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKBhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h081h]h081}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKBhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(hudevadm --versionh]hudevadm --version}(hj- hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKBhj* ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(h util-linuxh]h util-linux}(hjM hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKChjJ ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjG ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h2.10oh]h2.10o}(hjd hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKChja ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjG ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(hmount --versionh]hmount --version}(hj{ hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKChjx ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hjG ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubjy)}(hhh](j~)}(hhh]h)}(hxfsprogsh]hxfsprogs}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKDhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h2.6.0h]h2.6.0}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKDhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubj~)}(hhh]h)}(h xfs_db -Vh]h xfs_db -V}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKDhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j}hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jxhjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjPubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]colsKuh1jNhjKubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jIhjhhhhhNubhfootnote)}(h8Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation h](hlabel)}(hhh]h1}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj hhhNhNubh)}(h7Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentationh]h7Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKGhj ubeh}(h]jg ah ]h"]f1ah$]h&]ja ajf Kjh ji uh1j hhhKGhjhhubeh}(h]current-minimal-requirementsah ]h"]current minimal requirementsah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hKernel compilationh]hKernel compilation}(hj+ hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKJubh)}(hhh](h)}(hGCCh]hGCC}(hj< hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj9 hhhhhKMubh)}(hTThe gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your computer.h]hTThe gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your computer.}(hjJ hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKOhj9 hhubeh}(h]gccah ]h"]h$]gccah&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKM referencedKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hClang/LLVM (optional)h]hClang/LLVM (optional)}(hjd hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhja hhhhhKSubh)}(hXhThe latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to `releases.llvm.org `_) are supported for building kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM `.h](h@The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to }(hjr hhhNhNubh reference)}(h0`releases.llvm.org `_h]hreleases.llvm.org}(hj| hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]namereleases.llvm.orgrefurihttps://releases.llvm.orguh1jz hjr ubh)}(h h]h}(h]releases-llvm-orgah ]h"]releases.llvm.orgah$]h&]refurij uh1hj` Khjr ubh) are supported for building kernels. Older releases aren’t guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional docs on }(hjr hhhNhNubh)}(h3:ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM `h]hinline)}(hj h]hBuilding Linux with Clang/LLVM}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ](xrefstdstd-refeh"]h$]h&]uh1j hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refdocji refdomainj reftyperef refexplicitrefwarn reftarget kbuild_llvmuh1hhhhKUhjr ubh.}(hjr hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKUhja hhubeh}(h]clang-llvm-optionalah ]h"]clang/llvm (optional)ah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKSubh)}(hhh](h)}(hRust (optional)h]hRust (optional)}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj hhhhhK\ubh)}(h2A recent version of the Rust compiler is required.h]h2A recent version of the Rust compiler is required.}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK^hj hhubh)}(hPlease see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile`` target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not be detected.h](hPlease see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the }(hj hhhNhNubhliteral)}(h ``Makefile``h]hMakefile}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj ubh target }(hj hhhNhNubj )}(h``rustavailable``h]h rustavailable}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj ubh? is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not be detected.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK`hj hhubeh}(h] rust-optionalah ]h"]rust (optional)ah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhK\ubh)}(hhh](h)}(hbindgen (optional)h]hbindgen (optional)}(hj3hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj0hhhhhKfubh)}(hj``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel. It depends on ``libclang``.h](j )}(h ``bindgen``h]hbindgen}(hjEhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjAubhR is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel. It depends on }(hjAhhhNhNubj )}(h ``libclang``h]hlibclang}(hjWhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjAubh.}(hjAhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhhj0hhubeh}(h]bindgen-optionalah ]h"]bindgen (optional)ah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKfubh)}(hhh](h)}(hMakeh]hMake}(hjzhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjwhhhhhKlubh)}(h8You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build the kernel.h]h8You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build the kernel.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKnhjwhhubeh}(h]makeah ]h"]h$]makeah&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKlj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hBashh]hBash}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKqubh)}(hMSome bash scripts are used for the kernel build. Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.h]hMSome bash scripts are used for the kernel build. Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKshjhhubeh}(h]bashah ]h"]h$]bashah&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKqj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hBinutilsh]hBinutils}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKwubh)}(h5Binutils 2.30 or newer is needed to build the kernel.h]h5Binutils 2.30 or newer is needed to build the kernel.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKyhjhhubeh}(h]binutilsah ]h"]h$]binutilsah&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKwj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(h pkg-configh]h pkg-config}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhK|ubh)}(hThe build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not verified or documented.h]hThe build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in ‘make {g,x}config’. Previously pkg-config was being used but not verified or documented.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK~hjhhubeh}(h] pkg-configah ]h"] pkg-configah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhK|ubh)}(hhh](h)}(hFlexh]hFlex}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hqSince Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.h]hqSince Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.}(hj$hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]flexah ]h"]h$]flexah&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hBisonh]hBison}(hj=hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj:hhhhhKubh)}(heSince Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.h]heSince Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.}(hjKhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhj:hhubeh}(h]bisonah ]h"]h$]bisonah&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hpaholeh]hpahole}(hjdhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjahhhhhKubh)}(hSince Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel modules as well. This requires pahole v1.22 or later.h]hSince Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel modules as well. This requires pahole v1.22 or later.}(hjrhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjahhubh)}(hiIt is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.h](hIIt is found in the ‘dwarves’ or ‘pahole’ distro packages or from }(hjhhhNhNubj{ )}(h'https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/h]h'https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refurijuh1jz hjubh.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjahhubeh}(h]paholeah ]h"]paholeah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hPerlh]hPerl}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hYou will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``, ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.h](h0You will need perl 5 and the following modules: }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``Getopt::Long``h]h Getopt::Long}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh, }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``Getopt::Std``h]h Getopt::Std}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh, }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``File::Basename``h]hFile::Basename}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh, and }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``File::Find``h]h File::Find}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh to build the kernel.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]perlah ]h"]perlah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hPythonh]hPython}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hSeveral config options require it: it is required for arm/arm64 default configs, CONFIG_LTO_CLANG, some DRM optional configs, the kernel-doc tool, and docs build (Sphinx), among others.h]hSeveral config options require it: it is required for arm/arm64 default configs, CONFIG_LTO_CLANG, some DRM optional configs, the kernel-doc tool, and docs build (Sphinx), among others.}(hj)hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]pythonah ]h"]pythonah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hBCh]hBC}(hjBhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj?hhhhhKubh)}(h1You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higherh]h1You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher}(hjPhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhj?hhubeh}(h]bcah ]h"]bcah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hOpenSSLh]hOpenSSL}(hjihhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjfhhhhhKubh)}(hModule signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.h]hModule signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.}(hjwhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjfhhubh)}(hYou will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3 and higher.h]hYou will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3 and higher.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjfhhubeh}(h]opensslah ]h"]h$]opensslah&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hTarh]hTar}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hbGNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs (CONFIG_IKHEADERS).h]hbGNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs (CONFIG_IKHEADERS).}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]tarah ]h"]tarah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hgtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)h]hgtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hThe kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags ``-C (--directory)`` flag.h](hZThe kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate tag files through }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``make gtags``h]h make gtags}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh'. This is due to its use of the gtags }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``-C (--directory)``h]h-C (--directory)}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh flag.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]gtags-gnu-global-optionalah ]h"]gtags / gnu global (optional)ah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hmkimageh]hmkimage}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj hhhhhKubh)}(hX This tool is used when building a Flat Image Tree (FIT), commonly used on ARM platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-boot-tools`` package or can be built from the U-Boot source code. See the instructions at https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools.html#building-tools-for-linuxh](hwThis tool is used when building a Flat Image Tree (FIT), commonly used on ARM platforms. The tool is available via the }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``u-boot-tools``h]h u-boot-tools}(hj&hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubhN package or can be built from the U-Boot source code. See the instructions at }(hjhhhNhNubj{ )}(hKhttps://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools.html#building-tools-for-linuxh]hKhttps://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools.html#building-tools-for-linux}(hj8hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refurij:uh1jz hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhj hhubeh}(h]mkimageah ]h"]mkimageah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hGNU AWKh]hGNU AWK}(hjXhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjUhhhhhKubh)}(h~GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to generate address range data for builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES).h]h~GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to generate address range data for builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES).}(hjfhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjUhhubeh}(h]gnu-awkah ]h"]gnu awkah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hpigz (optional)h]hpigz (optional)}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj|hhhhhKubh)}(hpigz is a parallel implementation of gzip. If it is installed the compressed kernel image is produced with it rather than with gzip, see ``KPGZIP`` in Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.rst.h](hpigz is a parallel implementation of gzip. If it is installed the compressed kernel image is produced with it rather than with gzip, see }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h ``KPGZIP``h]hKPGZIP}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh$ in Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.rst.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhj|hhubeh}(h] pigz-optionalah ]h"]pigz (optional)ah$]h&]uh1hhj( hhhhhKubeh}(h]kernel-compilationah ]h"]h$]kernel compilationah&]uh1hhhhhhhhKJj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hSystem utilitiesh]hSystem utilities}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hArchitectural changesh]hArchitectural changes}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hcDevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)h](h,DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev (}(hjhhhNhNubj{ )}(h6https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/h]h6https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refurijuh1jz hjubh)}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(h.32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!h]h.32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(hXLinux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline documentation via specially-formatted comments near their definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST files in the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files. In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need Sphinx.h]hXLinux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline documentation via specially-formatted comments near their definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST files in the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files. In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you’ll need Sphinx.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]architectural-changesah ]h"]architectural changesah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h Util-linuxh]h Util-linux}(hj'hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj$hhhhhKubh)}(hNew versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks, support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition types, and similar goodies. You'll probably want to upgrade.h](h#New versions of util-linux provide }(hj5hhhNhNubj )}(h ``fdisk``h]hfdisk}(hj=hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj5ubh support for larger disks, support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition types, and similar goodies. You’ll probably want to upgrade.}(hj5hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhj$hhubeh}(h] util-linuxah ]h"]h$] util-linuxah&]uh1hhjhhhhhKj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hKsymoopsh]hKsymoops}(hj`hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj]hhhhhKubh)}(hXIf the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't. It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops with ksymoops.h](hIf the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don’t. It is generally preferred to build the kernel with }(hjnhhhNhNubj )}(h``CONFIG_KALLSYMS``h]hCONFIG_KALLSYMS}(hjvhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjnubh so that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel is not build with }(hjnhhhNhNubj )}(h``CONFIG_KALLSYMS``h]hCONFIG_KALLSYMS}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjnubh{ and you have no way to rebuild and reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops with ksymoops.}(hjnhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhj]hhubeh}(h]ksymoopsah ]h"]h$]ksymoopsah&]uh1hhjhhhhhKj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hMkinitrdh]hMkinitrd}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMubh)}(h^These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that mkinitrd be upgraded.h](hThese changes to the }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``/lib/modules``h]h /lib/modules}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh9 file tree layout also require that mkinitrd be upgraded.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhjhhubeh}(h]mkinitrdah ]h"]h$]mkinitrdah&]uh1hhjhhhhhMj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(h E2fsprogsh]h E2fsprogs}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMubh)}(htThe latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.h](hThe latest version of }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h ``e2fsprogs``h]h e2fsprogs}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubhS fixes several bugs in fsck and debugfs. Obviously, it’s a good idea to upgrade.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM hjhhubeh}(h] e2fsprogsah ]h"]h$] e2fsprogsah&]uh1hhjhhhhhMj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hJFSutilsh]hJFSutils}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhM ubh)}(hkThe ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system. The following utilities are available:h](hThe }(hj+hhhNhNubj )}(h ``jfsutils``h]hjfsutils}(hj3hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj+ubh[ package contains the utilities for the file system. The following utilities are available:}(hj+hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhjhhubh bullet_list)}(hhh](h list_item)}(hg``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check and repair a JFS formatted partition. h]h)}(hf``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check and repair a JFS formatted partition.h](j )}(h ``fsck.jfs``h]hfsck.jfs}(hjZhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjVubhZ - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check and repair a JFS formatted partition.}(hjVhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhjRubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jPhjMhhhhhNubjQ)}(h1``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition. h]h)}(h0``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.h](j )}(h ``mkfs.jfs``h]hmkfs.jfs}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj|ubh$ - create a JFS formatted partition.}(hj|hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhjxubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jPhjMhhhhhNubjQ)}(h@other file system utilities are also available in this package. h]h)}(h?other file system utilities are also available in this package.h]h?other file system utilities are also available in this package.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jPhjMhhhhhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]bullet-uh1jKhhhMhjhhubeh}(h]jfsutilsah ]h"]h$]jfsutilsah&]uh1hhjhhhhhM j` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hXfsprogsh]hXfsprogs}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMubh)}(hXUThe latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).h](hThe latest version of }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h ``xfsprogs``h]hxfsprogs}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh contains }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h ``mkfs.xfs``h]hmkfs.xfs}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh, }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h ``xfs_db``h]hxfs_db}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh , and the }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``xfs_repair``h]h xfs_repair}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhjhhubeh}(h]xfsprogsah ]h"]h$]xfsprogsah&]uh1hhjhhhhhMj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(h PCMCIAutilsh]h PCMCIAutils}(hj8hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj5hhhhhM#ubh)}(hPCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug subsystem is used.h](hPCMCIAutils replaces }(hjFhhhNhNubj )}(h ``pcmcia-cs``h]h pcmcia-cs}(hjNhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjFubh. It properly sets up PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug subsystem is used.}(hjFhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM%hj5hhubeh}(h] pcmciautilsah ]h"]h$] pcmciautilsah&]uh1hhjhhhhhM#j` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(h Quota-toolsh]h Quota-tools}(hjqhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjnhhhhhM+ubh)}(hSupport for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer from the table above.h]hSupport for 32 bit uid’s and gid’s is required if you want to use the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer from the table above.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM-hjnhhubeh}(h] quota-toolsah ]h"]h$] quota-toolsah&]uh1hhjhhhhhM+j` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hIntel IA32 microcodeh]hIntel IA32 microcode}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhM3ubh)}(hA driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode, accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using udev you may need to::h]hA driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode, accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using udev you may need to:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM5hjhhubh literal_block)}(hNmkdir /dev/cpu mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcodeh]hNmkdir /dev/cpu mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] xml:spacepreserveuh1jhhhM9hjhhubh)}(hyas root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.h]h{as root before you can use this. You’ll probably also want to get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM=hjhhubeh}(h]intel-ia32-microcodeah ]h"]intel ia32 microcodeah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhM3ubh)}(hhh](h)}(hudevh]hudev}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMAubh)}(h``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for devices.h](j )}(h``udev``h]hudev}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh+ is a userspace application for populating }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``/dev``h]h/dev}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh= dynamically with only entries for devices actually present. }(hjhhhNhNubj )}(h``udev``h]hudev}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubh` replaces the basic functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for devices.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMChjhhubeh}(h]udevah ]h"]h$]udevah&]uh1hhjhhhhhMAj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(hFUSEh]hFUSE}(hj8hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj5hhhhhMIubh)}(hyNeeds libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.h](hKNeeds libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount options }(hjFhhhNhNubj )}(h ``direct_io``h]h direct_io}(hjNhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjFubh and }(hjFhhhNhNubj )}(h``kernel_cache``h]h kernel_cache}(hj`hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjFubh won’t work.}(hjFhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMKhj5hhubeh}(h]fuseah ]h"]h$]fuseah&]uh1hhjhhhhhMIj` Kubeh}(h]system-utilitiesah ]h"]h$]system utilitiesah&]uh1hhhhhhhhKj` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(h Networkingh]h Networking}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMOubh)}(hhh](h)}(hGeneral changesh]hGeneral changes}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMRubh)}(hvIf you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably consider using the network tools from ip-route2.h]hvIf you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably consider using the network tools from ip-route2.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMThjhhubeh}(h]general-changesah ]h"]general changesah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMRubh)}(hhh](h)}(hPacket Filter / NATh]hPacket Filter / NAT}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMXubh)}(hThe packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.h]hThe packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMYhjhhubeh}(h]packet-filter-natah ]h"]packet filter / natah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMXubh)}(hhh](h)}(hPPPh]hPPP}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhM^ubh)}(hThe PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP, upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.h]hThe PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP, upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM`hjhhubh)}(hXIf you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp which can be made by::h]hWIf you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp which can be made by:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMdhjhhubj)}(hmknod /dev/ppp c 108 0h]hmknod /dev/ppp c 108 0}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1jhhhMghjhhubh)}(has root.h]has root.}(hj"hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMihjhhubeh}(h]pppah ]h"]h$]pppah&]uh1hhjhhhhhM^j` Kubh)}(hhh](h)}(h NFS-utilsh]h NFS-utils}(hj;hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj8hhhhhMlubh)}(hXdIn ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.h](hIn ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. 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