sphinx.addnodesdocument)}( rawsourcechildren]( translations LanguagesNode)}(hhh](h pending_xref)}(hhh]docutils.nodesTextChinese (Simplified)}parenthsba attributes}(ids]classes]names]dupnames]backrefs] refdomainstdreftypedoc reftarget0/translations/zh_CN/admin-guide/workload-tracingmodnameN classnameN refexplicitutagnamehhh ubh)}(hhh]hChinese (Traditional)}hh2sbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget0/translations/zh_TW/admin-guide/workload-tracingmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hItalian}hhFsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget0/translations/it_IT/admin-guide/workload-tracingmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hJapanese}hhZsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget0/translations/ja_JP/admin-guide/workload-tracingmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hKorean}hhnsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget0/translations/ko_KR/admin-guide/workload-tracingmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hPortuguese (Brazilian)}hhsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget0/translations/pt_BR/admin-guide/workload-tracingmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hSpanish}hhsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget0/translations/sp_SP/admin-guide/workload-tracingmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]current_languageEnglishuh1h hh _documenthsourceNlineNubhcomment)}(h0SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-4.0)h]h0SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-4.0)}hhsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] xml:spacepreserveuh1hhhhhhJ/var/lib/git/docbuild/linux/Documentation/admin-guide/workload-tracing.rsthKubhsection)}(hhh](htitle)}(h6Discovering Linux kernel subsystems used by a workloadh]h6Discovering Linux kernel subsystems used by a workload}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh field_list)}(hhh](hfield)}(hhh](h field_name)}(hAuthorsh]hAuthors}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhhhKubh field_body)}(hQ- Shuah Khan - Shefali Sharma h]h bullet_list)}(hhh](h list_item)}(h&Shuah Khan h]h paragraph)}(hjh](h Shuah Khan <}(hj hhhNhNubh reference)}(hskhan@linuxfoundation.orgh]hskhan@linuxfoundation.org}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refuri mailto:skhan@linuxfoundation.orguh1jhj ubh>}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhubj)}(h&Shefali Sharma h]j )}(hj5h](hShefali Sharma <}(hj7hhhNhNubj)}(hsshefali021@gmail.comh]hsshefali021@gmail.com}(hj>hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refurimailto:sshefali021@gmail.comuh1jhj7ubh>}(hj7hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhj3ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]bullet-uh1hhhhKhhubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhhhhubh)}(hhh](h)}(h maintained-byh]h maintained-by}(hjuhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjrhhhKubh)}(h'Shuah Khan h]j )}(h&Shuah Khan h](h Shuah Khan <}(hjhhhNhNubj)}(hskhan@linuxfoundation.orgh]hskhan@linuxfoundation.org}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refuri mailto:skhan@linuxfoundation.orguh1jhjubh>}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhK hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjrubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK hhhhubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h Key Pointsh]h Key Points}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhK ubh block_quote)}(hX* Understanding system resources necessary to build and run a workload is important. * Linux tracing and strace can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. The completeness of the system usage information depends on the completeness of coverage of a workload. * Performance and security of the operating system can be analyzed with the help of tools such as: `perf `_, `stress-ng `_, `paxtest `_. * Once we discover and understand the workload needs, we can focus on them to avoid regressions and use it to evaluate safety considerations. h]h)}(hhh](j)}(hRUnderstanding system resources necessary to build and run a workload is important.h]j )}(hRUnderstanding system resources necessary to build and run a workload is important.h]hRUnderstanding system resources necessary to build and run a workload is important.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hLinux tracing and strace can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. The completeness of the system usage information depends on the completeness of coverage of a workload.h]j )}(hLinux tracing and strace can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. The completeness of the system usage information depends on the completeness of coverage of a workload.h]hLinux tracing and strace can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. The completeness of the system usage information depends on the completeness of coverage of a workload.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hXPerformance and security of the operating system can be analyzed with the help of tools such as: `perf `_, `stress-ng `_, `paxtest `_.h]j )}(hXPerformance and security of the operating system can be analyzed with the help of tools such as: `perf `_, `stress-ng `_, `paxtest `_.h](haPerformance and security of the operating system can be analyzed with the help of tools such as: }(hj hhhNhNubj)}(h;`perf `_h]hperf}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]nameperfrefuri1https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/perf.1.htmluh1jhj ubhtarget)}(h4 h]h}(h]perfah ]h"]perfah$]h&]refurij"uh1j# referencedKhj ubh, }(hj hhhNhNubj)}(h2`stress-ng `_h]h stress-ng}(hj7hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]name stress-ngj!#https://www.mankier.com/1/stress-nguh1jhj ubj$)}(h& h]h}(h] stress-ngah ]h"] stress-ngah$]h&]refurijGuh1j#j2Khj ubh, }hj sbj)}(h5`paxtest `_h]hpaxtest}(hjYhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]namepaxtestj!(https://github.com/opntr/paxtest-freebsduh1jhj ubj$)}(h+ h]h}(h]paxtestah ]h"]paxtestah$]h&]refurijiuh1j#j2Khj ubh.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hOnce we discover and understand the workload needs, we can focus on them to avoid regressions and use it to evaluate safety considerations. h]j )}(hOnce we discover and understand the workload needs, we can focus on them to avoid regressions and use it to evaluate safety considerations.h]hOnce we discover and understand the workload needs, we can focus on them to avoid regressions and use it to evaluate safety considerations.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jd*uh1hhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubeh}(h] key-pointsah ]h"] key pointsah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhK ubh)}(hhh](h)}(h Methodologyh]h Methodology}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubj )}(hXl`strace `_ is a diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool and can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. Once we discover and understand the workload needs, we can focus on them to avoid regressions and use it to evaluate safety considerations. We use strace tool to trace workloads.h](j)}(h?`strace `_h]hstrace}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]namestracej!3https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/strace.1.htmluh1jhjubj$)}(h6 h]h}(h]straceah ]h"]straceah$]h&]refurijuh1j#j2KhjubhX- is a diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool and can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. Once we discover and understand the workload needs, we can focus on them to avoid regressions and use it to evaluate safety considerations. We use strace tool to trace workloads.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(hXThis method of tracing using strace tells us the system calls invoked by the workload and doesn't include all the system calls that can be invoked by it. In addition, this tracing method tells us just the code paths within these system calls that are invoked. As an example, if a workload opens a file and reads from it successfully, then the success path is the one that is traced. Any error paths in that system call will not be traced. If there is a workload that provides full coverage of a workload then the method outlined here will trace and find all possible code paths. The completeness of the system usage information depends on the completeness of coverage of a workload.h]hXThis method of tracing using strace tells us the system calls invoked by the workload and doesn’t include all the system calls that can be invoked by it. In addition, this tracing method tells us just the code paths within these system calls that are invoked. As an example, if a workload opens a file and reads from it successfully, then the success path is the one that is traced. Any error paths in that system call will not be traced. If there is a workload that provides full coverage of a workload then the method outlined here will trace and find all possible code paths. The completeness of the system usage information depends on the completeness of coverage of a workload.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhK$hjhhubj )}(hmThe goal is tracing a workload on a system running a default kernel without requiring custom kernel installs.h]hmThe goal is tracing a workload on a system running a default kernel without requiring custom kernel installs.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhK/hjhhubeh}(h] methodologyah ]h"] methodologyah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h1How do we gather fine-grained system information?h]h1How do we gather fine-grained system information?}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhK3ubj )}(hXstrace tool can be used to trace system calls made by a process and signals it receives. System calls are the fundamental interface between an application and the operating system kernel. They enable a program to request services from the kernel. For instance, the open() system call in Linux is used to provide access to a file in the file system. strace enables us to track all the system calls made by an application. It lists all the system calls made by a process and their resulting output.h]hXstrace tool can be used to trace system calls made by a process and signals it receives. System calls are the fundamental interface between an application and the operating system kernel. They enable a program to request services from the kernel. For instance, the open() system call in Linux is used to provide access to a file in the file system. strace enables us to track all the system calls made by an application. It lists all the system calls made by a process and their resulting output.}(hj&hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhK5hjhhubj )}(hXyYou can generate profiling data combining strace and perf record tools to record the events and information associated with a process. This provides insight into the process. "perf annotate" tool generates the statistics of each instruction of the program. This document goes over the details of how to gather fine-grained information on a workload's usage of system resources.h]hXYou can generate profiling data combining strace and perf record tools to record the events and information associated with a process. This provides insight into the process. “perf annotate” tool generates the statistics of each instruction of the program. This document goes over the details of how to gather fine-grained information on a workload’s usage of system resources.}(hj4hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhK=hjhhubj )}(hWe used strace to trace the perf, stress-ng, paxtest workloads to illustrate our methodology to discover resources used by a workload. This process can be applied to trace other workloads.h]hWe used strace to trace the perf, stress-ng, paxtest workloads to illustrate our methodology to discover resources used by a workload. This process can be applied to trace other workloads.}(hjBhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKChjhhubeh}(h]0how-do-we-gather-fine-grained-system-informationah ]h"]1how do we gather fine-grained system information?ah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhK3ubh)}(hhh](h)}(h$Getting the system ready for tracingh]h$Getting the system ready for tracing}(hj[hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjXhhhhhKHubj )}(hXBefore we can get started we will show you how to get your system ready. We assume that you have a Linux distribution running on a physical system or a virtual machine. Most distributions will include strace command. Let’s install other tools that aren’t usually included to build Linux kernel. Please note that the following works on Debian based distributions. You might have to find equivalent packages on other Linux distributions.h]hXBefore we can get started we will show you how to get your system ready. We assume that you have a Linux distribution running on a physical system or a virtual machine. Most distributions will include strace command. Let’s install other tools that aren’t usually included to build Linux kernel. Please note that the following works on Debian based distributions. You might have to find equivalent packages on other Linux distributions.}(hjihhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKJhjXhhubj )}(hInstall tools to build Linux kernel and tools in kernel repository. scripts/ver_linux is a good way to check if your system already has the necessary tools::h]hInstall tools to build Linux kernel and tools in kernel repository. scripts/ver_linux is a good way to check if your system already has the necessary tools:}(hjwhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKQhjXhhubh literal_block)}(hsudo apt-get install build-essential flex bison yacc sudo apt install libelf-dev systemtap-sdt-dev libslang2-dev libperl-dev libdw-devh]hsudo apt-get install build-essential flex bison yacc sudo apt install libelf-dev systemtap-sdt-dev libslang2-dev libperl-dev libdw-dev}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhKUhjXhhubj )}(hFcscope is a good tool to browse kernel sources. Let's install it now::h]hGcscope is a good tool to browse kernel sources. Let’s install it now:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKXhjXhhubj)}(hsudo apt-get install cscopeh]hsudo apt-get install cscope}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhKZhjXhhubj )}(hInstall stress-ng and paxtest::h]hInstall stress-ng and paxtest:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhK\hjXhhubj)}(h1apt-get install stress-ng apt-get install paxtesth]h1apt-get install stress-ng apt-get install paxtest}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhK^hjXhhubeh}(h]$getting-the-system-ready-for-tracingah ]h"]$getting the system ready for tracingah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKHubh)}(hhh](h)}(hWorkload overviewh]hWorkload overview}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKbubj )}(hX+As mentioned earlier, we used strace to trace perf bench, stress-ng and paxtest workloads to show how to analyze a workload and identify Linux subsystems used by these workloads. Let's start with an overview of these three workloads to get a better understanding of what they do and how to use them.h]hX-As mentioned earlier, we used strace to trace perf bench, stress-ng and paxtest workloads to show how to analyze a workload and identify Linux subsystems used by these workloads. Let’s start with an overview of these three workloads to get a better understanding of what they do and how to use them.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKdhjhhubh)}(hhh](h)}(hperf bench (all) workloadh]hperf bench (all) workload}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKkubj )}(hXThe perf bench command contains multiple multi-threaded microkernel benchmarks for executing different subsystems in the Linux kernel and system calls. This allows us to easily measure the impact of changes, which can help mitigate performance regressions. It also acts as a common benchmarking framework, enabling developers to easily create test cases, integrate transparently, and use performance-rich tooling subsystems.h]hXThe perf bench command contains multiple multi-threaded microkernel benchmarks for executing different subsystems in the Linux kernel and system calls. This allows us to easily measure the impact of changes, which can help mitigate performance regressions. It also acts as a common benchmarking framework, enabling developers to easily create test cases, integrate transparently, and use performance-rich tooling subsystems.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKmhjhhubeh}(h]perf-bench-all-workloadah ]h"]perf bench (all) workloadah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKkubh)}(hhh](h)}(h"Stress-ng netdev stressor workloadh]h"Stress-ng netdev stressor workload}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKuubj )}(hX|stress-ng is used for performing stress testing on the kernel. It allows you to exercise various physical subsystems of the computer, as well as interfaces of the OS kernel, using "stressor-s". They are available for CPU, CPU cache, devices, I/O, interrupts, file system, memory, network, operating system, pipelines, schedulers, and virtual machines. Please refer to the `stress-ng man-page `_ to find the description of all the available stressor-s. The netdev stressor starts specified number (N) of workers that exercise various netdevice ioctl commands across all the available network devices.h](hXxstress-ng is used for performing stress testing on the kernel. It allows you to exercise various physical subsystems of the computer, as well as interfaces of the OS kernel, using “stressor-s”. They are available for CPU, CPU cache, devices, I/O, interrupts, file system, memory, network, operating system, pipelines, schedulers, and virtual machines. Please refer to the }(hj,hhhNhNubj)}(h;`stress-ng man-page `_h]hstress-ng man-page}(hj4hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]namestress-ng man-pagej!#https://www.mankier.com/1/stress-nguh1jhj,ubj$)}(h& h]h}(h]stress-ng-man-pageah ]h"]stress-ng man-pageah$]h&]refurijDuh1j#j2Khj,ubh to find the description of all the available stressor-s. The netdev stressor starts specified number (N) of workers that exercise various netdevice ioctl commands across all the available network devices.}(hj,hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKwhjhhubeh}(h]"stress-ng-netdev-stressor-workloadah ]h"]"stress-ng netdev stressor workloadah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKuubh)}(hhh](h)}(hpaxtest kiddie workloadh]hpaxtest kiddie workload}(hjghhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjdhhhhhKubj )}(hXpaxtest is a program that tests buffer overflows in the kernel. It tests kernel enforcements over memory usage. Generally, execution in some memory segments makes buffer overflows possible. It runs a set of programs that attempt to subvert memory usage. It is used as a regression test suite for PaX, but might be useful to test other memory protection patches for the kernel. We used paxtest kiddie mode which looks for simple vulnerabilities.h]hXpaxtest is a program that tests buffer overflows in the kernel. It tests kernel enforcements over memory usage. Generally, execution in some memory segments makes buffer overflows possible. It runs a set of programs that attempt to subvert memory usage. It is used as a regression test suite for PaX, but might be useful to test other memory protection patches for the kernel. We used paxtest kiddie mode which looks for simple vulnerabilities.}(hjuhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjdhhubeh}(h]paxtest-kiddie-workloadah ]h"]paxtest kiddie workloadah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubeh}(h]workload-overviewah ]h"]workload overviewah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKbubh)}(hhh](h)}(h$What is strace and how do we use it?h]h$What is strace and how do we use it?}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubj )}(hAs mentioned earlier, strace which is a useful diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool and can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. It can be used:h]hAs mentioned earlier, strace which is a useful diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool and can be used to discover the system resources in use by a workload. It can be used:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj)}(hX0* To see how a process interacts with the kernel. * To see why a process is failing or hanging. * For reverse engineering a process. * To find the files on which a program depends. * For analyzing the performance of an application. * For troubleshooting various problems related to the operating system. h]h)}(hhh](j)}(h/To see how a process interacts with the kernel.h]j )}(hjh]h/To see how a process interacts with the kernel.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(h+To see why a process is failing or hanging.h]j )}(hjh]h+To see why a process is failing or hanging.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(h"For reverse engineering a process.h]j )}(hjh]h"For reverse engineering a process.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(h-To find the files on which a program depends.h]j )}(hjh]h-To find the files on which a program depends.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(h0For analyzing the performance of an application.h]j )}(hjh]h0For analyzing the performance of an application.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hFFor troubleshooting various problems related to the operating system. h]j )}(hEFor troubleshooting various problems related to the operating system.h]hEFor troubleshooting various problems related to the operating system.}(hj0hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhj,ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jdjuh1hhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(hXbIn addition, strace can generate run-time statistics on times, calls, and errors for each system call and report a summary when program exits, suppressing the regular output. This attempts to show system time (CPU time spent running in the kernel) independent of wall clock time. We plan to use these features to get information on workload system usage.h]hXbIn addition, strace can generate run-time statistics on times, calls, and errors for each system call and report a summary when program exits, suppressing the regular output. This attempts to show system time (CPU time spent running in the kernel) independent of wall clock time. We plan to use these features to get information on workload system usage.}(hjPhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(hstrace command supports basic, verbose, and stats modes. strace command when run in verbose mode gives more detailed information about the system calls invoked by a process.h]hstrace command supports basic, verbose, and stats modes. strace command when run in verbose mode gives more detailed information about the system calls invoked by a process.}(hj^hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(hXRunning strace -c generates a report of the percentage of time spent in each system call, the total time in seconds, the microseconds per call, the total number of calls, the count of each system call that has failed with an error and the type of system call made.h]hXRunning strace -c generates a report of the percentage of time spent in each system call, the total time in seconds, the microseconds per call, the total number of calls, the count of each system call that has failed with an error and the type of system call made.}(hjlhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj)}(h~* Usage: strace * Verbose mode usage: strace -v * Gather statistics: strace -c h]h)}(hhh](j)}(h(Usage: strace h]j )}(hjh]h(Usage: strace }(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhj~ubj)}(h'Verbose mode usage: strace -v h]j )}(hjh]h'Verbose mode usage: strace -v }(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhj~ubj)}(h'Gather statistics: strace -c h]j )}(h&Gather statistics: strace -c h]h&Gather statistics: strace -c }(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhj~ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jdjuh1hhhhKhjzubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(hWe used the “-c” option to gather fine-grained run-time statistics in use by three workloads we have chose for this analysis.h]hWe used the “-c” option to gather fine-grained run-time statistics in use by three workloads we have chose for this analysis.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj)}(h* perf * stress-ng * paxtest h]h)}(hhh](j)}(hperfh]j )}(hjh]hperf}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(h stress-ngh]j )}(hjh]h stress-ng}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hpaxtest h]j )}(hpaxtesth]hpaxtest}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jdjuh1hhhhKhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]#what-is-strace-and-how-do-we-use-itah ]h"]$what is strace and how do we use it?ah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h$What is cscope and how do we use it?h]h$What is cscope and how do we use it?}(hjEhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjBhhhhhKubj )}(hXGNow let’s look at `cscope `_, a command line tool for browsing C, C++ or Java code-bases. We can use it to find all the references to a symbol, global definitions, functions called by a function, functions calling a function, text strings, regular expression patterns, files including a file.h](hNow let’s look at }(hjShhhNhNubj)}(h+`cscope `_h]hcscope}(hj[hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]namecscopej!https://cscope.sourceforge.net/uh1jhjSubj$)}(h" h]h}(h]cscopeah ]h"]cscopeah$]h&]refurijkuh1j#j2KhjSubhX, a command line tool for browsing C, C++ or Java code-bases. We can use it to find all the references to a symbol, global definitions, functions called by a function, functions calling a function, text strings, regular expression patterns, files including a file.}(hjShhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjBhhubj )}(hWe can use cscope to find which system call belongs to which subsystem. This way we can find the kernel subsystems used by a process when it is executed.h]hWe can use cscope to find which system call belongs to which subsystem. This way we can find the kernel subsystems used by a process when it is executed.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjBhhubj )}(hHLet’s checkout the latest Linux repository and build cscope database::h]hGLet’s checkout the latest Linux repository and build cscope database:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjBhhubj)}(hgit clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git linux cd linux cscope -R -p10 # builds cscope.out database before starting browse session cscope -d -p10 # starts browse session on cscope.out databaseh]hgit clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git linux cd linux cscope -R -p10 # builds cscope.out database before starting browse session cscope -d -p10 # starts browse session on cscope.out database}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhKhjBhhubj )}(hX8Note: Run "cscope -R -p10" to build the database and "cscope -d -p10" to enter into the browsing session. cscope by default uses the cscope.out database. To get out of this mode press ctrl+d. -p option is used to specify the number of file path components to display. -p10 is optimal for browsing kernel sources.h]hX@Note: Run “cscope -R -p10” to build the database and “cscope -d -p10” to enter into the browsing session. cscope by default uses the cscope.out database. To get out of this mode press ctrl+d. -p option is used to specify the number of file path components to display. -p10 is optimal for browsing kernel sources.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjBhhubj )}(hIAlternatively, the kernel build system can generate the cscope database::h]hHAlternatively, the kernel build system can generate the cscope database:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjBhhubj)}(h make cscopeh]h make cscope}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhKhjBhhubj )}(hTo exclude directories from the generated database, pass IGNORE_DIRS to the cscope target. For example, to exclude Documentation/, run::h]hTo exclude directories from the generated database, pass IGNORE_DIRS to the cscope target. For example, to exclude Documentation/, run:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjBhhubj)}(h'make IGNORE_DIRS="Documentation" cscopeh]h'make IGNORE_DIRS="Documentation" cscope}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhKhjBhhubeh}(h]#what-is-cscope-and-how-do-we-use-itah ]h"]$what is cscope and how do we use it?ah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h"What is perf and how do we use it?h]h"What is perf and how do we use it?}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubj )}(hXYPerf is an analysis tool based on Linux 2.6+ systems, which abstracts the CPU hardware difference in performance measurement in Linux, and provides a simple command line interface. Perf is based on the perf_events interface exported by the kernel. It is very useful for profiling the system and finding performance bottlenecks in an application.h]hXYPerf is an analysis tool based on Linux 2.6+ systems, which abstracts the CPU hardware difference in performance measurement in Linux, and provides a simple command line interface. Perf is based on the perf_events interface exported by the kernel. It is very useful for profiling the system and finding performance bottlenecks in an application.}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(huIf you haven't already checked out the Linux mainline repository, you can do so and then build kernel and perf tool::h]hvIf you haven’t already checked out the Linux mainline repository, you can do so and then build kernel and perf tool:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj)}(hygit clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git linux cd linux make -j3 all cd tools/perf makeh]hygit clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git linux cd linux make -j3 all cd tools/perf make}hj(sbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(hNote: The perf command can be built without building the kernel in the repository and can be run on older kernels. However matching the kernel and perf revisions gives more accurate information on the subsystem usage.h]hNote: The perf command can be built without building the kernel in the repository and can be run on older kernels. However matching the kernel and perf revisions gives more accurate information on the subsystem usage.}(hj6hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubj )}(hiWe used "perf stat" and "perf bench" options. For a detailed information on the perf tool, run "perf -h".h]huWe used “perf stat” and “perf bench” options. For a detailed information on the perf tool, run “perf -h”.}(hjDhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjhhubh)}(hhh](h)}(h perf stath]h perf stat}(hjUhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjRhhhhhKubj )}(hThe perf stat command generates a report of various hardware and software events. It does so with the help of hardware counter registers found in modern CPUs that keep the count of these activities. "perf stat cal" shows stats for cal command.h]hThe perf stat command generates a report of various hardware and software events. It does so with the help of hardware counter registers found in modern CPUs that keep the count of these activities. “perf stat cal” shows stats for cal command.}(hjchhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjRhhubeh}(h] perf-statah ]h"] perf statah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h Perf benchh]h Perf bench}(hj|hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjyhhhhhKubj )}(hXThe perf bench command contains multiple multi-threaded microkernel benchmarks for executing different subsystems in the Linux kernel and system calls. This allows us to easily measure the impact of changes, which can help mitigate performance regressions. It also acts as a common benchmarking framework, enabling developers to easily create test cases, integrate transparently, and use performance-rich tooling.h]hXThe perf bench command contains multiple multi-threaded microkernel benchmarks for executing different subsystems in the Linux kernel and system calls. This allows us to easily measure the impact of changes, which can help mitigate performance regressions. It also acts as a common benchmarking framework, enabling developers to easily create test cases, integrate transparently, and use performance-rich tooling.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjyhhubj )}(h"perf bench all" runs all available benchmarks in the perf bench framework. The exact set of benchmarks depends on the perf version and on the features enabled when perf was built.h]h“perf bench all” runs all available benchmarks in the perf bench framework. The exact set of benchmarks depends on the perf version and on the features enabled when perf was built.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjyhhubj )}(hHTo list the benchmark collections available on the current system, run::h]hGTo list the benchmark collections available on the current system, run:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjyhhubj)}(h perf benchh]h perf bench}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhMhjyhhubj )}(h)To list benchmarks in a collection, run::h]h(To list benchmarks in a collection, run:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjyhhubj)}(hperf bench h]hperf bench }hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhM hjyhhubj )}(h@For example, to list the benchmarks in the mem collection, run::h]h?For example, to list the benchmarks in the mem collection, run:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhM hjyhhubj)}(hperf bench memh]hperf bench mem}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhM hjyhhubeh}(h] perf-benchah ]h"] perf benchah$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhKubeh}(h]!what-is-perf-and-how-do-we-use-itah ]h"]"what is perf and how do we use it?ah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h'What is stress-ng and how do we use it?h]h'What is stress-ng and how do we use it?}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj hhhhhMubj )}(hXsAs mentioned earlier, stress-ng is used for performing stress testing on the kernel. It allows you to exercise various physical subsystems of the computer, as well as interfaces of the OS kernel, using stressor-s. They are available for CPU, CPU cache, devices, I/O, interrupts, file system, memory, network, operating system, pipelines, schedulers, and virtual machines.h]hXsAs mentioned earlier, stress-ng is used for performing stress testing on the kernel. It allows you to exercise various physical subsystems of the computer, as well as interfaces of the OS kernel, using stressor-s. They are available for CPU, CPU cache, devices, I/O, interrupts, file system, memory, network, operating system, pipelines, schedulers, and virtual machines.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj hhubj )}(hThe netdev stressor starts N workers that exercise various netdevice ioctl commands across all the available network devices. The following ioctls are exercised:h]hThe netdev stressor starts N workers that exercise various netdevice ioctl commands across all the available network devices. The following ioctls are exercised:}(hj)hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj hhubj)}(h* SIOCGIFCONF, SIOCGIFINDEX, SIOCGIFNAME, SIOCGIFFLAGS * SIOCGIFADDR, SIOCGIFNETMASK, SIOCGIFMETRIC, SIOCGIFMTU * SIOCGIFHWADDR, SIOCGIFMAP, SIOCGIFTXQLEN h]h)}(hhh](j)}(h4SIOCGIFCONF, SIOCGIFINDEX, SIOCGIFNAME, SIOCGIFFLAGSh]j )}(hj@h]h4SIOCGIFCONF, SIOCGIFINDEX, SIOCGIFNAME, SIOCGIFFLAGS}(hjBhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj>ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhj;ubj)}(h6SIOCGIFADDR, SIOCGIFNETMASK, SIOCGIFMETRIC, SIOCGIFMTUh]j )}(hjWh]h6SIOCGIFADDR, SIOCGIFNETMASK, SIOCGIFMETRIC, SIOCGIFMTU}(hjYhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjUubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhj;ubj)}(h)SIOCGIFHWADDR, SIOCGIFMAP, SIOCGIFTXQLEN h]j )}(h(SIOCGIFHWADDR, SIOCGIFMAP, SIOCGIFTXQLENh]h(SIOCGIFHWADDR, SIOCGIFMAP, SIOCGIFTXQLEN}(hjphhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjlubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhj;ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jdjuh1hhhhMhj7ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj hhubj )}(h)The following command runs the stressor::h]h(The following command runs the stressor:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhM!hj hhubj)}(h$stress-ng --netdev 1 -t 60 --metricsh]h$stress-ng --netdev 1 -t 60 --metrics}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhM#hj hhubj )}(hWe can use the perf record command to record the events and information associated with a process. This command records the profiling data in the perf.data file in the same directory.h]hWe can use the perf record command to record the events and information associated with a process. This command records the profiling data in the perf.data file in the same directory.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhM%hj hhubj )}(hUsing the following commands you can record the events associated with the netdev stressor, view the generated report perf.data and annotate the output to view the statistics of each instruction of the program::h]hUsing the following commands you can record the events associated with the netdev stressor, view the generated report perf.data and annotate the output to view the statistics of each instruction of the program:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhM)hj hhubj)}(hMperf record -- stress-ng --netdev 1 -t 60 --metrics perf report perf annotateh]hMperf record -- stress-ng --netdev 1 -t 60 --metrics perf report perf annotate}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhM-hj hhubeh}(h]&what-is-stress-ng-and-how-do-we-use-itah ]h"]'what is stress-ng and how do we use it?ah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhMubh)}(hhh](h)}(h%What is paxtest and how do we use it?h]h%What is paxtest and how do we use it?}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhM2ubj )}(hXwpaxtest is a program that tests buffer overflows in the kernel. It tests kernel enforcements over memory usage. Generally, execution in some memory segments makes buffer overflows possible. It runs a set of programs that attempt to subvert memory usage. It is used as a regression test suite for PaX, and will be useful to test other memory protection patches for the kernel.h]hXwpaxtest is a program that tests buffer overflows in the kernel. It tests kernel enforcements over memory usage. Generally, execution in some memory segments makes buffer overflows possible. It runs a set of programs that attempt to subvert memory usage. It is used as a regression test suite for PaX, and will be useful to test other memory protection patches for the kernel.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhM4hjhhubj )}(hXpaxtest provides kiddie and blackhat modes. The paxtest kiddie mode runs in normal mode, whereas the blackhat mode tries to get around the protection of the kernel testing for vulnerabilities. We focus on the kiddie mode here and combine "paxtest kiddie" run with "perf record" to collect CPU stack traces for the paxtest kiddie run to see which function is calling other functions in the performance profile. Then the "dwarf" (DWARF's Call Frame Information) mode can be used to unwind the stack.h]hXpaxtest provides kiddie and blackhat modes. The paxtest kiddie mode runs in normal mode, whereas the blackhat mode tries to get around the protection of the kernel testing for vulnerabilities. We focus on the kiddie mode here and combine “paxtest kiddie” run with “perf record” to collect CPU stack traces for the paxtest kiddie run to see which function is calling other functions in the performance profile. Then the “dwarf” (DWARF’s Call Frame Information) mode can be used to unwind the stack.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhM;hjhhubj )}(hQThe following command can be used to view resulting report in call-graph format::h]hPThe following command can be used to view resulting report in call-graph format:}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMChjhhubj)}(hAperf record --call-graph dwarf paxtest kiddie perf report --stdioh]hAperf record --call-graph dwarf paxtest kiddie perf report --stdio}hj sbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhMFhjhhubeh}(h]$what-is-paxtest-and-how-do-we-use-itah ]h"]%what is paxtest and how do we use it?ah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhM2ubh)}(hhh](h)}(hTracing workloadsh]hTracing workloads}(hj2 hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj/ hhhhhMJubj )}(h?Now that we understand the workloads, let's start tracing them.h]hANow that we understand the workloads, let’s start tracing them.}(hj@ hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMLhj/ hhubh)}(hhh](h)}(hTracing perf bench all workloadh]hTracing perf bench all workload}(hjQ hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjN hhhhhMOubj )}(hubj )}(hhh]j )}(hj h]h1}(hj[hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMqhjXubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj>ubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Process Mgmt.h]h Process Mgmt.}(hjqhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMqhjnubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj>ubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_getegid()h]h sys_getegid()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMqhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj>ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hcloseh]hclose}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMshjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h49951h]h49951}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMshjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Filesystemh]h Filesystem}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMshjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_close()h]h sys_close()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMshjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hpipeh]hpipe}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMuhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j 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sys_access()h]h sys_access()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjeubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hlstath]hlstat}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h1880h]h1880}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Filesystemh]h Filesystem}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_lstat()h]h sys_lstat()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hlseekh]hlseek}(hj4hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj1ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj.ubj )}(hhh]j )}(h6h]h6}(hjKhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjHubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj.ubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Filesystemh]h Filesystem}(hjbhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj_ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj.ubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_lseek()h]h sys_lseek()}(hjyhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjvubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj.ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hioctlh]hioctl}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(hjg h]h3}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Filesystemh]h Filesystem}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_ioctl()h]h sys_ioctl()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hdup2h]hdup2}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(hj h]h1}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Filesystemh]h Filesystem}(hj*hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj'ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_dup2()h]h sys_dup2()}(hjAhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj>ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hexecveh]hexecve}(hjahhhNhNubah}(h]h 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Filesystem}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(hsys_eventfd2()h]hsys_eventfd2()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hmmaph]hmmap}(hj"hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h243h]h243}(hj9hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj6ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Memory Mgmt.h]h Memory Mgmt.}(hjPhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjMubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_mmap()h]h sys_mmap()}(hjghhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjdubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hmprotecth]hmprotect}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h32h]h32}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Memory Mgmt.h]h Memory Mgmt.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(hsys_mprotect()h]hsys_mprotect()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hbrkh]hbrk}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h21h]h21}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Memory Mgmt.h]h Memory Mgmt.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_brk()h]h sys_brk()}(hj1hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj.ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hmunmaph]hmunmap}(hjQhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjKubj )}(hhh]j )}(h128h]h128}(hjhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjeubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjKubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Memory Mgmt.h]h Memory Mgmt.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj|ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjKubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_munmap()h]h sys_munmap()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h 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rt_sigaction}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(h36h]h36}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(hSignalh]hSignal}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubj )}(hhh]j )}(hsys_rt_sigaction()h]hsys_rt_sigaction()}(hj!hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(h rt_sigreturnh]h rt_sigreturn}(hjAhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhj>ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj;ubj )}(hhh]j )}(hjzh]h2}(hjXhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjUubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj;ubj )}(hhh]j )}(hSignalh]hSignal}(hjnhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjkubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj;ubj )}(hhh]j )}(hsys_rt_sigreturn()h]hsys_rt_sigreturn()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj;ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubj )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(hwait4h]hwait4}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h 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]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjiubj )}(hhh]j )}(h Capabilityh]h Capability}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjiubj )}(hhh]j )}(h sys_capget()h]h sys_capget()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjiubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjL ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jJ hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]colsKuh1j hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjN hhhhhNubeh}(h]tracing-perf-bench-all-workloadah ]h"]tracing perf bench all workloadah$]h&]uh1hhj/ hhhhhMOubh)}(hhh](h)}(h*Tracing stress-ng netdev stressor workloadh]h*Tracing stress-ng netdev stressor workload}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhhhhhMubj )}(hGRun the following command to trace stress-ng netdev stressor workload::h]hFRun the following command to trace stress-ng netdev stressor workload:}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjhhubj)}(h/strace -c stress-ng --netdev 1 -t 60 --metricsh]h/strace -c stress-ng --netdev 1 -t 60 --metrics}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]hhuh1jhhhMhjhhubj )}(h%**System Calls made by the workload**h]j )}(hjh]h!System Calls made by the workload}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjhhubj )}(hThe below table shows the system calls invoked by the workload, number of times each system call is invoked, and the corresponding Linux subsystem.h]hThe below table shows the system calls invoked by the workload, number of times each system call is invoked, and the corresponding Linux subsystem.}(hj-hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjhhubj )}(hhh]j )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]h}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]colwidthKuh1j hj>ubj )}(hhh]h}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]colwidthK uh1j hj>ubj )}(hhh]h}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]colwidthKuh1j hj>ubj )}(hhh]h}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]colwidthKuh1j hj>ubj )}(hhh]j )}(hhh](j )}(hhh]j )}(h System Callh]h System Call}(hjrhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjoubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjlubj )}(hhh]j )}(h# callsh]h# calls}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhhhMhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hjlubj )}(hhh]j )}(hLinux Subsystemh]hLinux Subsystem}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h 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