sphinx.addnodesdocument)}( rawsourcechildren]( translations LanguagesNode)}(hhh](h pending_xref)}(hhh]docutils.nodesTextChinese (Simplified)}parenthsba attributes}(ids]classes]names]dupnames]backrefs] refdomainstdreftypedoc reftarget)/translations/zh_CN/admin-guide/sysctl/fsmodnameN classnameN refexplicitutagnamehhh ubh)}(hhh]hChinese (Traditional)}hh2sbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget)/translations/zh_TW/admin-guide/sysctl/fsmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hItalian}hhFsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget)/translations/it_IT/admin-guide/sysctl/fsmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hJapanese}hhZsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget)/translations/ja_JP/admin-guide/sysctl/fsmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hKorean}hhnsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget)/translations/ko_KR/admin-guide/sysctl/fsmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hPortuguese (Brazilian)}hhsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget)/translations/pt_BR/admin-guide/sysctl/fsmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubh)}(hhh]hSpanish}hhsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] refdomainh)reftypeh+ reftarget)/translations/sp_SP/admin-guide/sysctl/fsmodnameN classnameN refexplicituh1hhh ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]current_languageEnglishuh1h hh _documenthsourceNlineNubhsection)}(hhh](htitle)}(hDocumentation for /proc/sys/fs/h]hDocumentation for /proc/sys/fs/}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhhhC/var/lib/git/docbuild/linux/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/fs.rsthKubh paragraph)}(h;Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel h](h)Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <}(hhhhhNhNubh reference)}(hriel@nl.linux.orgh]hriel@nl.linux.org}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refurimailto:riel@nl.linux.orguh1hhhubh>}(hhhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhhhhubh)}(h9Copyright (c) 2009, Shen Fengh](h%Copyright (c) 2009, Shen Feng<}(hhhhhNhNubh)}(hshen@cn.fujitsu.comh]hshen@cn.fujitsu.com}(hhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refurimailto:shen@cn.fujitsu.comuh1hhhubh>}(hhhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhhhhubh)}(h;For general info and legal blurb, please look in intro.rst.h]h;For general info and legal blurb, please look in intro.rst.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK hhhhubh transition)}(hN------------------------------------------------------------------------------h]h}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j!hhhK hhhhubh)}(h[This file contains documentation for the sysctl files and directories in ``/proc/sys/fs/``.h](hIThis file contains documentation for the sysctl files and directories in }(hj-hhhNhNubhliteral)}(h``/proc/sys/fs/``h]h /proc/sys/fs/}(hj7hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj-ubh.}(hj-hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK hhhhubh)}(hXThe files in this directory can be used to tune and monitor miscellaneous and general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files *can* be used to screw up your system, it is advisable to read both documentation and source before actually making adjustments.h](hThe files in this directory can be used to tune and monitor miscellaneous and general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files }(hjOhhhNhNubhemphasis)}(h*can*h]hcan}(hjYhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jWhjOubh{ be used to screw up your system, it is advisable to read both documentation and source before actually making adjustments.}(hjOhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhhhhubh)}(hhh](h)}(h1. /proc/sys/fsh]h1. /proc/sys/fs}(hjthhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubh)}(h[Currently, these files might (depending on your configuration) show up in ``/proc/sys/fs``:h](hJCurrently, these files might (depending on your configuration) show up in }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``/proc/sys/fs``h]h /proc/sys/fs}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh:}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjqhhubhtopic)}(hhh]h bullet_list)}(hhh](h list_item)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]haio-nr & aio-max-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id1ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidaio-nr-aio-max-nruh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hdentry-negative}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id2ah ]h"]h$]h&]refiddentry-negativeuh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h dentry-state}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id3ah ]h"]h$]h&]refid dentry-stateuh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hfile-max & file-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id4ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidfile-max-file-nruh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hinode-nr & inode-state}(hj<hhhNhNubah}(h]id5ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidinode-nr-inode-stateuh1hhj9ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj6ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h mount-max}(hj^hhhNhNubah}(h]id6ah ]h"]h$]h&]refid mount-maxuh1hhj[ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjXubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hnr_open}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id7ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidnr-openuh1hhj}ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjzubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hoverflowgid & overflowuid}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id8ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidoverflowgid-overflowuiduh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hpipe-user-pages-hard}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id9ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidpipe-user-pages-harduh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hpipe-user-pages-soft}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id10ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidpipe-user-pages-softuh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hprotected_fifos}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id11ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidprotected-fifosuh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hprotected_hardlinks}(hj*hhhNhNubah}(h]id12ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidprotected-hardlinksuh1hhj'ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj$ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hprotected_regular}(hjLhhhNhNubah}(h]id13ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidprotected-regularuh1hhjIubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjFubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]hprotected_symlinks}(hjnhhhNhNubah}(h]id14ah ]h"]h$]h&]refidprotected-symlinksuh1hhjkubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjhubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubj)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h)}(hhh]h suid_dumpable}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]id15ah ]h"]h$]h&]refid suid-dumpableuh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1jhjhhhNhNubah}(h]contentsah ](contentslocaleh"]contentsah$]h&]uh1jhhhKhjqhhubh)}(hhh](h)}(haio-nr & aio-max-nrh]haio-nr & aio-max-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refidjuh1hhjhhhhhK ubh)}(hXb``aio-nr`` shows the current system-wide number of asynchronous io requests. ``aio-max-nr`` allows you to change the maximum value ``aio-nr`` can grow to. If ``aio-nr`` reaches ``aio-nr-max`` then ``io_setup`` will fail with ``EAGAIN``. Note that raising ``aio-max-nr`` does not result in the pre-allocation or re-sizing of any kernel data structures.h](j6)}(h ``aio-nr``h]haio-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubhD shows the current system-wide number of asynchronous io requests. }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``aio-max-nr``h]h aio-max-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh( allows you to change the maximum value }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``aio-nr``h]haio-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh can grow to. If }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``aio-nr``h]haio-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh reaches }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``aio-nr-max``h]h aio-nr-max}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh then }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``io_setup``h]hio_setup}(hj,hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh will fail with }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``EAGAIN``h]hEAGAIN}(hj>hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh. Note that raising }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``aio-max-nr``h]h aio-max-nr}(hjPhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubhR does not result in the pre-allocation or re-sizing of any kernel data structures.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK"hjhhubeh}(h]jah ]h"]aio-nr & aio-max-nrah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhK ubh)}(hhh](h)}(hdentry-negativeh]hdentry-negative}(hjrhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1hhjohhhhhK*ubh)}(hPolicy for negative dentries. Set to 1 to always delete the dentry when a file is removed, and 0 to disable it. By default, this behavior is disabled.h]hPolicy for negative dentries. Set to 1 to always delete the dentry when a file is removed, and 0 to disable it. By default, this behavior is disabled.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK,hjohhubeh}(h]jah ]h"]dentry-negativeah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhK*ubh)}(hhh](h)}(h dentry-stateh]h dentry-state}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1hhjhhhhhK0ubh)}(hWThis file shows the values in ``struct dentry_stat_t``, as defined in ``fs/dcache.c``::h](hThis file shows the values in }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``struct dentry_stat_t``h]hstruct dentry_stat_t}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh, as defined in }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``fs/dcache.c``h]h fs/dcache.c}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh:}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK2hjhhubh literal_block)}(hX@struct dentry_stat_t dentry_stat { long nr_dentry; long nr_unused; long age_limit; /* age in seconds */ long want_pages; /* pages requested by system */ long nr_negative; /* # of unused negative dentries */ long dummy; /* Reserved for future use */ };h]hX@struct dentry_stat_t dentry_stat { long nr_dentry; long nr_unused; long age_limit; /* age in seconds */ long want_pages; /* pages requested by system */ long nr_negative; /* # of unused negative dentries */ long dummy; /* Reserved for future use */ };}hjsbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&] xml:spacepreserveuh1jhhhK5hjhhubh)}(h3Dentries are dynamically allocated and deallocated.h]h3Dentries are dynamically allocated and deallocated.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK>hjhhubh)}(h``nr_dentry`` shows the total number of dentries allocated (active + unused). ``nr_unused shows`` the number of dentries that are not actively used, but are saved in the LRU list for future reuse.h](j6)}(h ``nr_dentry``h]h nr_dentry}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubhA shows the total number of dentries allocated (active + unused). }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``nr_unused shows``h]hnr_unused shows}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubhc the number of dentries that are not actively used, but are saved in the LRU list for future reuse.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK@hjhhubh)}(h``age_limit`` is the age in seconds after which dcache entries can be reclaimed when memory is short and ``want_pages`` is nonzero when ``shrink_dcache_pages()`` has been called and the dcache isn't pruned yet.h](j6)}(h ``age_limit``h]h age_limit}(hj*hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj&ubh\ is the age in seconds after which dcache entries can be reclaimed when memory is short and }(hj&hhhNhNubj6)}(h``want_pages``h]h want_pages}(hj<hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj&ubh is nonzero when }(hj&hhhNhNubj6)}(h``shrink_dcache_pages()``h]hshrink_dcache_pages()}(hjNhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj&ubh3 has been called and the dcache isn’t pruned yet.}(hj&hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKDhjhhubh)}(h``nr_negative`` shows the number of unused dentries that are also negative dentries which do not map to any files. Instead, they help speeding up rejection of non-existing files provided by the users.h](j6)}(h``nr_negative``h]h nr_negative}(hjjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjfubh shows the number of unused dentries that are also negative dentries which do not map to any files. Instead, they help speeding up rejection of non-existing files provided by the users.}(hjfhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKIhjhhubeh}(h]jah ]h"] dentry-stateah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhK0ubh)}(hhh](h)}(hfile-max & file-nrh]hfile-max & file-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jj#uh1hhjhhhhhKPubh)}(hThe value in ``file-max`` denotes the maximum number of file- handles that the Linux kernel will allocate. When you get lots of error messages about running out of file handles, you might want to increase this limit.h](h The value in }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``file-max``h]hfile-max}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh denotes the maximum number of file- handles that the Linux kernel will allocate. When you get lots of error messages about running out of file handles, you might want to increase this limit.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKRhjhhubh)}(hXHistorically,the kernel was able to allocate file handles dynamically, but not to free them again. The three values in ``file-nr`` denote the number of allocated file handles, the number of allocated but unused file handles, and the maximum number of file handles. Linux 2.6 and later always reports 0 as the number of free file handles -- this is not an error, it just means that the number of allocated file handles exactly matches the number of used file handles.h](hwHistorically,the kernel was able to allocate file handles dynamically, but not to free them again. The three values in }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``file-nr``h]hfile-nr}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubhXP denote the number of allocated file handles, the number of allocated but unused file handles, and the maximum number of file handles. Linux 2.6 and later always reports 0 as the number of free file handles -- this is not an error, it just means that the number of allocated file handles exactly matches the number of used file handles.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKWhjhhubh)}(heAttempts to allocate more file descriptors than ``file-max`` are reported with ``printk``, look for::h](h0Attempts to allocate more file descriptors than }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``file-max``h]hfile-max}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh are reported with }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``printk``h]hprintk}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh , look for:}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhK`hjhhubj)}(h$VFS: file-max limit reachedh]h$VFS: file-max limit reached}hj sbah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1jhhhKchjhhubh)}(hin the kernel logs.h]hin the kernel logs.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKehjhhubeh}(h]j)ah ]h"]file-max & file-nrah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKPubh)}(hhh](h)}(hinode-nr & inode-stateh]hinode-nr & inode-state}(hj2hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjEuh1hhj/hhhhhKiubh)}(heAs with file handles, the kernel allocates the inode structures dynamically, but can't free them yet.h]hgAs with file handles, the kernel allocates the inode structures dynamically, but can’t free them yet.}(hj@hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKkhj/hhubh)}(hfThe file ``inode-nr`` contains the first two items from ``inode-state``, so we'll skip to that file...h](h The file }(hjNhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``inode-nr``h]hinode-nr}(hjVhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjNubh# contains the first two items from }(hjNhhhNhNubj6)}(h``inode-state``h]h inode-state}(hjhhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjNubh!, so we’ll skip to that file...}(hjNhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKnhj/hhubh)}(h``inode-state`` contains three actual numbers and four dummies. The actual numbers are, in order of appearance, ``nr_inodes``, ``nr_free_inodes`` and ``preshrink``.h](j6)}(h``inode-state``h]h inode-state}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubha contains three actual numbers and four dummies. The actual numbers are, in order of appearance, }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``nr_inodes``h]h nr_inodes}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh, }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``nr_free_inodes``h]hnr_free_inodes}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh and }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``preshrink``h]h preshrink}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKqhj/hhubh)}(hG``nr_inodes`` stands for the number of inodes the system has allocated.h](j6)}(h ``nr_inodes``h]h nr_inodes}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh: stands for the number of inodes the system has allocated.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKuhj/hhubh)}(h``nr_free_inodes`` represents the number of free inodes (?) and preshrink is nonzero when the system needs to prune the inode list instead of allocating more.h](j6)}(h``nr_free_inodes``h]hnr_free_inodes}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh represents the number of free inodes (?) and preshrink is nonzero when the system needs to prune the inode list instead of allocating more.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKxhj/hhubeh}(h]jKah ]h"]inode-nr & inode-stateah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKiubh)}(hhh](h)}(h mount-maxh]h mount-max}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjguh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hNThis denotes the maximum number of mounts that may exist in a mount namespace.h]hNThis denotes the maximum number of mounts that may exist in a mount namespace.}(hj"hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]jmah ]h"] mount-maxah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hnr_openh]hnr_open}(hj:hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1hhj7hhhhhKubh)}(hThis denotes the maximum number of file-handles a process can allocate. Default value is 1024*1024 (1048576) which should be enough for most machines. Actual limit depends on ``RLIMIT_NOFILE`` resource limit.h](hThis denotes the maximum number of file-handles a process can allocate. Default value is 1024*1024 (1048576) which should be enough for most machines. Actual limit depends on }(hjHhhhNhNubj6)}(h``RLIMIT_NOFILE``h]h RLIMIT_NOFILE}(hjPhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjHubh resource limit.}(hjHhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhj7hhubeh}(h]jah ]h"]nr_openah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hoverflowgid & overflowuidh]hoverflowgid & overflowuid}(hjrhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1hhjohhhhhKubh)}(hXSome filesystems only support 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux UIDs and GIDs are 32 bits. When one of these filesystems is mounted with writes enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated to a fixed value before being written to disk.h]hXSome filesystems only support 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux UIDs and GIDs are 32 bits. When one of these filesystems is mounted with writes enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated to a fixed value before being written to disk.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjohhubh)}(h[These sysctls allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID. The default is 65534.h]h[These sysctls allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID. The default is 65534.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjohhubeh}(h]jah ]h"]overflowgid & overflowuidah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hpipe-user-pages-hardh]hpipe-user-pages-hard}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hMaximum total number of pages a non-privileged user may allocate for pipes. Once this limit is reached, no new pipes may be allocated until usage goes below the limit again. When set to 0, no limit is applied, which is the default setting.h]hMaximum total number of pages a non-privileged user may allocate for pipes. Once this limit is reached, no new pipes may be allocated until usage goes below the limit again. When set to 0, no limit is applied, which is the default setting.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]jah ]h"]pipe-user-pages-hardah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hpipe-user-pages-softh]hpipe-user-pages-soft}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hXMaximum total number of pages a non-privileged user may allocate for pipes before the pipe size gets limited to two pages. Once this limit is reached, new pipes will be limited to two pages in size for this user in order to limit total memory usage, and trying to increase them using ``fcntl()`` will be denied until usage goes below the limit again. The default value allows to allocate up to 1024 pipes at their default size. When set to 0, no limit is applied.h](hXMaximum total number of pages a non-privileged user may allocate for pipes before the pipe size gets limited to two pages. Once this limit is reached, new pipes will be limited to two pages in size for this user in order to limit total memory usage, and trying to increase them using }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h ``fcntl()``h]hfcntl()}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubh will be denied until usage goes below the limit again. The default value allows to allocate up to 1024 pipes at their default size. When set to 0, no limit is applied.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]jah ]h"]pipe-user-pages-softah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hprotected_fifosh]hprotected_fifos}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjuh1hhjhhhhhKubh)}(hThe intent of this protection is to avoid unintentional writes to an attacker-controlled FIFO, where a program expected to create a regular file.h]hThe intent of this protection is to avoid unintentional writes to an attacker-controlled FIFO, where a program expected to create a regular file.}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(h2When set to "0", writing to FIFOs is unrestricted.h]h6When set to “0”, writing to FIFOs is unrestricted.}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(hWhen set to "1" don't allow ``O_CREAT`` open on FIFOs that we don't own in world writable sticky directories, unless they are owned by the owner of the directory.h](h"When set to “1” don’t allow }(hj.hhhNhNubj6)}(h ``O_CREAT``h]hO_CREAT}(hj6hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj.ubh} open on FIFOs that we don’t own in world writable sticky directories, unless they are owned by the owner of the directory.}(hj.hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(hEWhen set to "2" it also applies to group writable sticky directories.h]hIWhen set to “2” it also applies to group writable sticky directories.}(hjNhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(h9This protection is based on the restrictions in Openwall.h]h9This protection is based on the restrictions in Openwall.}(hj\hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]jah ]h"]protected_fifosah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhK referencedKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hprotected_hardlinksh]hprotected_hardlinks}(hjuhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jj3uh1hhjrhhhhhKubh)}(hXA long-standing class of security issues is the hardlink-based time-of-check-time-of-use race, most commonly seen in world-writable directories like ``/tmp``. The common method of exploitation of this flaw is to cross privilege boundaries when following a given hardlink (i.e. a root process follows a hardlink created by another user). Additionally, on systems without separated partitions, this stops unauthorized users from "pinning" vulnerable setuid/setgid files against being upgraded by the administrator, or linking to special files.h](hA long-standing class of security issues is the hardlink-based time-of-check-time-of-use race, most commonly seen in world-writable directories like }(hjhhhNhNubj6)}(h``/tmp``h]h/tmp}(hjhhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjubhX. The common method of exploitation of this flaw is to cross privilege boundaries when following a given hardlink (i.e. a root process follows a hardlink created by another user). Additionally, on systems without separated partitions, this stops unauthorized users from “pinning” vulnerable setuid/setgid files against being upgraded by the administrator, or linking to special files.}(hjhhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjrhhubh)}(hWhen set to “0”, writing to regular files is unrestricted.}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(hWhen set to "1" don't allow ``O_CREAT`` open on regular files that we don't own in world writable sticky directories, unless they are owned by the owner of the directory.h](h"When set to “1” don’t allow }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h ``O_CREAT``h]hO_CREAT}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh open on regular files that we don’t own in world writable sticky directories, unless they are owned by the owner of the directory.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubh)}(hEWhen set to "2" it also applies to group writable sticky directories.h]hIWhen set to “2” it also applies to group writable sticky directories.}(hj6 hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjhhubeh}(h]j[ah ]h"]protected_regularah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(hprotected_symlinksh]hprotected_symlinks}(hjN hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]jjwuh1hhjK hhhhhKubh)}(hXA long-standing class of security issues is the symlink-based time-of-check-time-of-use race, most commonly seen in world-writable directories like ``/tmp``. The common method of exploitation of this flaw is to cross privilege boundaries when following a given symlink (i.e. a root process follows a symlink belonging to another user). For a likely incomplete list of hundreds of examples across the years, please see: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=/tmph](hA long-standing class of security issues is the symlink-based time-of-check-time-of-use race, most commonly seen in world-writable directories like }(hj\ hhhNhNubj6)}(h``/tmp``h]h/tmp}(hjd hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj\ ubhX. The common method of exploitation of this flaw is to cross privilege boundaries when following a given symlink (i.e. a root process follows a symlink belonging to another user). For a likely incomplete list of hundreds of examples across the years, please see: }(hj\ hhhNhNubh)}(h5https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=/tmph]h5https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=/tmp}(hjv hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refurijx uh1hhj\ ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhKhjK hhubh)}(h`) is set to either a pipe handler or a fully qualified path. (For more details on this limitation, see CVE-2006-2451.) This mode is appropriate when administrators are attempting to debug problems in a normal environment, and either have a core dump pipe handler that knows to treat privileged core dumps with care, or specific directory defined for catching core dumps. If a core dump happens without a pipe handler or fully qualified path, a message will be emitted to syslog warning about the lack of a correct setting.h](hPAny binary which normally would not be dumped is dumped anyway, but only if the }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h``core_pattern``h]h core_pattern}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh kernel sysctl (see }(hj hhhNhNubh)}(hA:ref:`Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst `h]hinline)}(hj h]h+Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ](xrefstdstd-refeh"]h$]h&]uh1j hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]refdocadmin-guide/sysctl/fs refdomainj reftyperef refexplicitrefwarn reftarget core_patternuh1hhhhM hj ubhX ) is set to either a pipe handler or a fully qualified path. (For more details on this limitation, see CVE-2006-2451.) This mode is appropriate when administrators are attempting to debug problems in a normal environment, and either have a core dump pipe handler that knows to treat privileged core dumps with care, or specific directory defined for catching core dumps. If a core dump happens without a pipe handler or fully qualified path, a message will be emitted to syslog warning about the lack of a correct setting.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj ubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]colsKuh1j hj ubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j hj hhhhhNubeh}(h]jah ]h"] suid_dumpableah$]h&]uh1hhjqhhhhhKubeh}(h] proc-sys-fsah ]h"]1. /proc/sys/fsah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhKubh)}(hhh](h)}(h2. /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misch]h2. /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc}(hjX hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjU hhhhhMubh)}(hlDocumentation for the files in ``/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc`` is in Documentation/admin-guide/binfmt-misc.rst.h](hDocumentation for the files in }(hjf hhhNhNubj6)}(h``/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc``h]h/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc}(hjn hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjf ubh1 is in Documentation/admin-guide/binfmt-misc.rst.}(hjf hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMhjU hhubeh}(h]proc-sys-fs-binfmt-miscah ]h"]2. /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_miscah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhMubh)}(hhh](h)}(h83. /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystemh]h83. /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - POSIX message queues filesystem}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj hhhhhM!ubh)}(hXThe "mqueue" filesystem provides the necessary kernel features to enable the creation of a user space library that implements the POSIX message queues API (as noted by the MSG tag in the POSIX 1003.1-2001 version of the System Interfaces specification.)h]hX The “mqueue” filesystem provides the necessary kernel features to enable the creation of a user space library that implements the POSIX message queues API (as noted by the MSG tag in the POSIX 1003.1-2001 version of the System Interfaces specification.)}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM$hj hhubh)}(hpThe "mqueue" filesystem contains values for determining/setting the amount of resources used by the file system.h]htThe “mqueue” filesystem contains values for determining/setting the amount of resources used by the file system.}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM)hj hhubh)}(h``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum number of message queues allowed on the system.h](j6)}(h"``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max``h]h/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubhe is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum number of message queues allowed on the system.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM,hj hhubh)}(hX"``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum number of messages in a queue value. In fact it is the limiting value for another (user) limit which is set in ``mq_open`` invocation. This attribute of a queue must be less than or equal to ``msg_max``.h](j6)}(h``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max``h]h/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum number of messages in a queue value. In fact it is the limiting value for another (user) limit which is set in }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h ``mq_open``h]hmq_open}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubhF invocation. This attribute of a queue must be less than or equal to }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h ``msg_max``h]hmsg_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM0hj hhubh)}(h``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum message size value (it is an attribute of every message queue, set during its creation).h](j6)}(h#``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max``h]h/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum message size value (it is an attribute of every message queue, set during its creation).}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM6hj hhubh)}(hX``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_default`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the default number of messages in a queue value if the ``attr`` parameter of ``mq_open(2)`` is ``NULL``. If it exceeds ``msg_max``, the default value is initialized to ``msg_max``.h](j6)}(h#``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_default``h]h/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_default}(hj7 hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj3 ubha is a read/write file for setting/getting the default number of messages in a queue value if the }(hj3 hhhNhNubj6)}(h``attr``h]hattr}(hjI hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj3 ubh parameter of }(hj3 hhhNhNubj6)}(h``mq_open(2)``h]h mq_open(2)}(hj[ hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj3 ubh is }(hj3 hhhNhNubj6)}(h``NULL``h]hNULL}(hjm hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj3 ubh. If it exceeds }(hj3 hhhNhNubj6)}(h ``msg_max``h]hmsg_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj3 ubh&, the default value is initialized to }(hj3 hhhNhNubj6)}(h ``msg_max``h]hmsg_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj3 ubh.}(hj3 hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM:hj hhubh)}(h``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_default`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the default message size value if the ``attr`` parameter of ``mq_open(2)`` is ``NULL``. If it exceeds ``msgsize_max``, the default value is initialized to ``msgsize_max``.h](j6)}(h'``/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_default``h]h#/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_default}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubhP is a read/write file for setting/getting the default message size value if the }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h``attr``h]hattr}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh parameter of }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h``mq_open(2)``h]h mq_open(2)}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh is }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h``NULL``h]hNULL}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh. If it exceeds }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h``msgsize_max``h]h msgsize_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh&, the default value is initialized to }(hj hhhNhNubj6)}(h``msgsize_max``h]h msgsize_max}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubh.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM?hj hhubeh}(h]2proc-sys-fs-mqueue-posix-message-queues-filesystemah ]h"]83. /proc/sys/fs/mqueue - posix message queues filesystemah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhM!ubh)}(hhh](h)}(hE4. /proc/sys/fs/epoll - Configuration options for the epoll interfaceh]hE4. /proc/sys/fs/epoll - Configuration options for the epoll interface}(hj* hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj' hhhhhMEubh)}(hIThis directory contains configuration options for the epoll(7) interface.h]hIThis directory contains configuration options for the epoll(7) interface.}(hj8 hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMGhj' hhubh)}(hhh](h)}(hmax_user_watchesh]hmax_user_watches}(hjI hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhjF hhhhhMJubh)}(hXEvery epoll file descriptor can store a number of files to be monitored for event readiness. Each one of these monitored files constitutes a "watch". This configuration option sets the maximum number of "watches" that are allowed for each user. Each "watch" costs roughly 90 bytes on a 32-bit kernel, and roughly 160 bytes on a 64-bit one. The current default value for ``max_user_watches`` is 4% of the available low memory, divided by the "watch" cost in bytes.h](hX~Every epoll file descriptor can store a number of files to be monitored for event readiness. Each one of these monitored files constitutes a “watch”. This configuration option sets the maximum number of “watches” that are allowed for each user. Each “watch” costs roughly 90 bytes on a 32-bit kernel, and roughly 160 bytes on a 64-bit one. The current default value for }(hjW hhhNhNubj6)}(h``max_user_watches``h]hmax_user_watches}(hj_ hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hjW ubhM is 4% of the available low memory, divided by the “watch” cost in bytes.}(hjW hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMLhjF hhubeh}(h]max-user-watchesah ]h"]max_user_watchesah$]h&]uh1hhj' hhhhhMJubeh}(h]?proc-sys-fs-epoll-configuration-options-for-the-epoll-interfaceah ]h"]E4. /proc/sys/fs/epoll - configuration options for the epoll interfaceah$]h&]uh1hhhhhhhhMEubh)}(hhh](h)}(hA5. /proc/sys/fs/fuse - Configuration options for FUSE filesystemsh]hA5. /proc/sys/fs/fuse - Configuration options for FUSE filesystems}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhj hhhhhMVubh)}(hQThis directory contains the following configuration options for FUSE filesystems:h]hQThis directory contains the following configuration options for FUSE filesystems:}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMXhj hhubh)}(h``/proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_pages_limit`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum number of pages that can be used for servicing requests in FUSE.h](j6)}(h%``/proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_pages_limit``h]h!/proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_pages_limit}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubhv is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum number of pages that can be used for servicing requests in FUSE.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM[hj hhubh)}(hX``/proc/sys/fs/fuse/default_request_timeout`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the default timeout (in seconds) for a fuse server to reply to a kernel-issued request in the event where the server did not specify a timeout at mount. If the server set a timeout, then default_request_timeout will be ignored. The default "default_request_timeout" is set to 0. 0 indicates no default timeout. The maximum value that can be set is 65535.h](j6)}(h-``/proc/sys/fs/fuse/default_request_timeout``h]h)/proc/sys/fs/fuse/default_request_timeout}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubhX is a read/write file for setting/getting the default timeout (in seconds) for a fuse server to reply to a kernel-issued request in the event where the server did not specify a timeout at mount. If the server set a timeout, then default_request_timeout will be ignored. The default “default_request_timeout” is set to 0. 0 indicates no default timeout. The maximum value that can be set is 65535.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhM_hj hhubh)}(hX``/proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_request_timeout`` is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum timeout (in seconds) for a fuse server to reply to a kernel-issued request. A value greater than 0 automatically opts the server into a timeout that will be set to at most "max_request_timeout", even if the server did not specify a timeout and default_request_timeout is set to 0. If max_request_timeout is greater than 0 and the server set a timeout greater than max_request_timeout or default_request_timeout is set to a value greater than max_request_timeout, the system will use max_request_timeout as the timeout. 0 indicates no max request timeout. The maximum value that can be set is 65535.h](j6)}(h)``/proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_request_timeout``h]h%/proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_request_timeout}(hj hhhNhNubah}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1j5hj ubhX is a read/write file for setting/getting the maximum timeout (in seconds) for a fuse server to reply to a kernel-issued request. A value greater than 0 automatically opts the server into a timeout that will be set to at most “max_request_timeout”, even if the server did not specify a timeout and default_request_timeout is set to 0. If max_request_timeout is greater than 0 and the server set a timeout greater than max_request_timeout or default_request_timeout is set to a value greater than max_request_timeout, the system will use max_request_timeout as the timeout. 0 indicates no max request timeout. The maximum value that can be set is 65535.}(hj hhhNhNubeh}(h]h ]h"]h$]h&]uh1hhhhMghj hhubh)}(hXkFor timeouts, if the server does not respond to the request by the time the set timeout elapses, then the connection to the fuse server will be aborted. Please note that the timeouts are not 100% precise (eg you may set 60 seconds but the timeout may kick in after 70 seconds). The upper margin of error for the timeout is roughly FUSE_TIMEOUT_TIMER_FREQ seconds.h]hXkFor timeouts, if the server does not respond to the request by the time the set timeout elapses, then the connection to the fuse server will be aborted. Please note that the timeouts are not 100% precise (eg you may set 60 seconds but the timeout may kick in after 70 seconds). 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