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It is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents are erased on reboot.”h]”hXYThe RAM disk driver is a way to use main system memory as a block device. It is required for initrd, an initial filesystem used if you need to load modules in order to access the root filesystem (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst). It can also be used for a temporary filesystem for crypto work, since the contents are erased on reboot.”…””}”(hhðh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KhhÝh²hubhï)”}”(hŒÙThe RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.”h]”hŒÙThe RAM disk dynamically grows as more space is required. It does this by using RAM from the buffer cache. The driver marks the buffers it is using as dirty so that the VM subsystem does not try to reclaim them later.”…””}”(hhþh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KhhÝh²hubhï)”}”(hŒÿThe RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu and (re)build the kernel.”h]”hŒÿThe RAM disk supports up to 16 RAM disks by default, and can be reconfigured to support an unlimited number of RAM disks (at your own risk). Just change the configuration symbol BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT in the Block drivers config menu and (re)build the kernel.”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KhhÝh²hubhï)”}”(hŒáTo use RAM disk support with your system, run './MAKEDEV ram' from the /dev directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0 for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.”h]”hŒåTo use RAM disk support with your system, run ‘./MAKEDEV ram’ from the /dev directory. RAM disks are all major number 1, and start with minor number 0 for /dev/ram0, etc. If used, modern kernels use /dev/ram0 for an initrd.”…””}”(hjh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KhhÝh²hubhï)”}”(hŒ£The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images, allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or rescue floppy disk.”h]”hŒ£The new RAM disk also has the ability to load compressed RAM disk images, allowing one to squeeze more programs onto an average installation or rescue floppy disk.”…””}”(hj(h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K#hhÝh²hubeh}”(h]”Œoverview”ah ]”h"]”Œ 1) overview”ah$]”h&]”uh1hµhh·h²hh³hÊh´Kubh¶)”}”(hhh]”(h»)”}”(hŒ 2) Parameters”h]”hŒ 2) Parameters”…””}”(hjAh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hºhj>h²hh³hÊh´K)ubhï)”}”(hŒ"2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters”h]”hŒ"2a) Kernel Command Line Parameters”…””}”(hjOh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K+hj>h²hubhŒ block_quote”“”)”}”(hŒ,ramdisk_size=N Size of the ramdisk. ”h]”hŒdefinition_list”“”)”}”(hhh]”hŒdefinition_list_item”“”)”}”(hŒ$ramdisk_size=N Size of the ramdisk. ”h]”(hŒterm”“”)”}”(hŒramdisk_size=N”h]”hŒramdisk_size=N”…””}”(hjph²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jnh³hÊh´K.hjjubhŒ definition”“”)”}”(hhh]”hï)”}”(hŒSize of the ramdisk.”h]”hŒSize of the ramdisk.”…””}”(hjƒh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K.hj€ubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j~hjjubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhh³hÊh´K.hjeubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jchj_ubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j]h³hÊh´K-hj>h²hubhï)”}”(hŒfThis parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The default is 4096 (4 MB).”h]”hŒfThis parameter tells the RAM disk driver to set up RAM disks of N k size. The default is 4096 (4 MB).”…””}”(hj©h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K0hj>h²hubhï)”}”(hŒ2b) Module parameters”h]”hŒ2b) Module parameters”…””}”(hj·h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K3hj>h²hubj^)”}”(hŒxrd_nr /dev/ramX devices created. max_part Maximum partition number. rd_size See ramdisk_size. ”h]”jd)”}”(hhh]”(ji)”}”(hŒ!rd_nr /dev/ramX devices created. ”h]”(jo)”}”(hŒrd_nr”h]”hŒrd_nr”…””}”(hjÐh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jnh³hÊh´K6hjÌubj)”}”(hhh]”hï)”}”(hŒ/dev/ramX devices created.”h]”hŒ/dev/ramX devices created.”…””}”(hjáh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K6hjÞubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j~hjÌubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhh³hÊh´K6hjÉubji)”}”(hŒ#max_part Maximum partition number. ”h]”(jo)”}”(hŒmax_part”h]”hŒmax_part”…””}”(hjÿh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jnh³hÊh´K9hjûubj)”}”(hhh]”hï)”}”(hŒMaximum partition number.”h]”hŒMaximum partition number.”…””}”(hjh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K9hj ubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j~hjûubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhh³hÊh´K9hjÉubji)”}”(hŒrd_size See ramdisk_size. ”h]”(jo)”}”(hŒrd_size”h]”hŒrd_size”…””}”(hj.h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jnh³hÊh´Kh²hubeh}”(h]”Œ parameters”ah ]”h"]”Œ 2) parameters”ah$]”h&]”uh1hµhh·h²hh³hÊh´K)ubh¶)”}”(hhh]”(h»)”}”(hŒ3) Using "rdev"”h]”hŒ3) Using “rdev—…””}”(hjph²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hºhjmh²hh³hÊh´K?ubhï)”}”(hŒx"rdev" is an obsolete, deprecated, antiquated utility that could be used to set the boot device in a Linux kernel image.”h]”hŒ|“rdev†is an obsolete, deprecated, antiquated utility that could be used to set the boot device in a Linux kernel image.”…””}”(hj~h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KAhjmh²hubhï)”}”(hŒ‡Instead of using rdev, just place the boot device information on the kernel command line and pass it to the kernel from the bootloader.”h]”hŒ‡Instead of using rdev, just place the boot device information on the kernel command line and pass it to the kernel from the bootloader.”…””}”(hjŒh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KDhjmh²hubhï)”}”(hŒ You can also pass arguments to the kernel by setting FDARGS in arch/x86/boot/Makefile and specify in initrd image by setting FDINITRD in arch/x86/boot/Makefile.”h]”hŒ You can also pass arguments to the kernel by setting FDARGS in arch/x86/boot/Makefile and specify in initrd image by setting FDINITRD in arch/x86/boot/Makefile.”…””}”(hjšh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KGhjmh²hubhï)”}”(hŒFSome of the kernel command line boot options that may apply here are::”h]”hŒESome of the kernel command line boot options that may apply here are:”…””}”(hj¨h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KKhjmh²hubhŒ literal_block”“”)”}”(hŒramdisk_start=N ramdisk_size=M”h]”hŒramdisk_start=N ramdisk_size=M”…””}”hj¸sbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”hÛhÜuh1j¶h³hÊh´KMhjmh²hubhï)”}”(hŒJIf you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use::”h]”hŒIIf you make a boot disk that has LILO, then for the above, you would use:”…””}”(hjÆh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KPhjmh²hubj·)”}”(hŒ)append = "ramdisk_start=N ramdisk_size=M"”h]”hŒ)append = "ramdisk_start=N ramdisk_size=M"”…””}”hjÔsbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”hÛhÜuh1j¶h³hÊh´KRhjmh²hubeh}”(h]”Œ using-rdev”ah ]”h"]”Œ3) using "rdev"”ah$]”h&]”uh1hµhh·h²hh³hÊh´K?ubh¶)”}”(hhh]”(h»)”}”(hŒ/4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk”h]”hŒ/4) An Example of Creating a Compressed RAM Disk”…””}”(hjíh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hºhjêh²hh³hÊh´KUubhï)”}”(hŒýTo create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this example, we will use the RAM disk device, "/dev/ram0".”h]”hXTo create a RAM disk image, you will need a spare block device to construct it on. This can be the RAM disk device itself, or an unused disk partition (such as an unmounted swap partition). For this example, we will use the RAM disk device, “/dev/ram0â€.”…””}”(hjûh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KWhjêh²hubhï)”}”(hŒ¬Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this restriction does not apply.”h]”hŒ¬Note: This technique should not be done on a machine with less than 8 MB of RAM. If using a spare disk partition instead of /dev/ram0, then this restriction does not apply.”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K\hjêh²hubhŒenumerated_list”“”)”}”(hhh]”(hŒ list_item”“”)”}”(hXƒDecide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example. Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create:: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 ”h]”(hï)”}”(hXNDecide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example. Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create::”h]”hXMDecide on the RAM disk size that you want. Say 2 MB for this example. Create it by writing to the RAM disk device. (This step is not currently required, but may be in the future.) It is wise to zero out the area (esp. for disks) so that maximal compression is achieved for the unused blocks of the image that you are about to create:”…””}”(hj"h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K`hjubj·)”}”(hŒ-dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048”h]”hŒ-dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048”…””}”hj0sbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”hÛhÜuh1j¶h³hÊh´Kfhjubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´Nubj)”}”(hŒXMake a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example:: mke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048 ”h]”(hï)”}”(hŒ6Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example::”h]”hŒ5Make a filesystem on it. Say ext2fs for this example:”…””}”(hjHh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KhhjDubj·)”}”(hŒmke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048”h]”hŒmke2fs -vm0 /dev/ram0 2048”…””}”hjVsbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”hÛhÜuh1j¶h³hÊh´KjhjDubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´Nubj)”}”(hŒVMount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...) and unmount it again. ”h]”hï)”}”(hŒUMount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...) and unmount it again.”h]”hŒUMount it, copy the files you want to it (eg: /etc/* /dev/* ...) and unmount it again.”…””}”(hjnh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´Klhjjubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´Nubj)”}”(hŒÿCompress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing:: dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz ”h]”(hï)”}”(hŒ¸Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing::”h]”hŒ·Compress the contents of the RAM disk. The level of compression will be approximately 50% of the space used by the files. Unused space on the RAM disk will compress to almost nothing:”…””}”(hj†h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´Kohj‚ubj·)”}”(hŒ?dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz”h]”hŒ?dd if=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048 | gzip -v9 > /tmp/ram_image.gz”…””}”hj”sbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”hÛhÜuh1j¶h³hÊh´Kshj‚ubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´Nubj)”}”(hŒFPut the kernel onto the floppy:: dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k ”h]”(hï)”}”(hŒ Put the kernel onto the floppy::”h]”hŒPut the kernel onto the floppy:”…””}”(hj¬h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´Kuhj¨ubj·)”}”(hŒdd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k”h]”hŒdd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k”…””}”hjºsbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”hÛhÜuh1j¶h³hÊh´Kwhj¨ubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´Nubj)”}”(hXØPut the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB):: dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400 ”h]”(hï)”}”(hXžPut the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB)::”h]”hXPut the RAM disk image onto the floppy, after the kernel. Use an offset that is slightly larger than the kernel, so that you can put another (possibly larger) kernel onto the same floppy later without overlapping the RAM disk image. An offset of 400 kB for kernels about 350 kB in size would be reasonable. Make sure offset+size of ram_image.gz is not larger than the total space on your floppy (usually 1440 kB):”…””}”(hjÒh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KyhjÎubj·)”}”(hŒ2dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400”h]”hŒ2dd if=/tmp/ram_image.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=400”…””}”hjàsbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”hÛhÜuh1j¶h³hÊh´K€hjÎubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´Nubj)”}”(hŒ«Make sure that you have already specified the boot information in FDARGS and FDINITRD or that you use a bootloader to pass kernel command line boot options to the kernel. ”h]”hï)”}”(hŒªMake sure that you have already specified the boot information in FDARGS and FDINITRD or that you use a bootloader to pass kernel command line boot options to the kernel.”h]”hŒªMake sure that you have already specified the boot information in FDARGS and FDINITRD or that you use a bootloader to pass kernel command line boot options to the kernel.”…””}”(hjøh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K‚hjôubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œenumtype”Œ loweralpha”Œprefix”hŒsuffix”Œ)”uh1jhjêh²hh³hÊh´K`ubhï)”}”(hŒ…That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.”h]”hŒ…That is it. You now have your boot/root compressed RAM disk floppy. Some users may wish to combine steps (d) and (f) by using a pipe.”…””}”(hjh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K†hjêh²hubj^)”}”(hŒPaul Gortmaker 12/95 ”h]”hï)”}”(hŒPaul Gortmaker 12/95”h]”hŒPaul Gortmaker 12/95”…””}”(hj)h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KŠhj%ubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j]h³hÊh´KŠhjêh²hubeh}”(h]”Œ,an-example-of-creating-a-compressed-ram-disk”ah ]”h"]”Œ/4) an example of creating a compressed ram disk”ah$]”h&]”uh1hµhh·h²hh³hÊh´KUubh¶)”}”(hhh]”(h»)”}”(hŒ Changelog:”h]”hŒ Changelog:”…””}”(hjHh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hºhjEh²hh³hÊh´Kubhï)”}”(hŒ SEPT-2020 :”h]”hŒ SEPT-2020 :”…””}”(hjVh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´KhjEh²hubj^)”}”(hŒRemoved usage of "rdev" ”h]”hï)”}”(hŒRemoved usage of "rdev"”h]”hŒRemoved usage of “rdev—…””}”(hjhh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hîh³hÊh´K‘hjdubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j]h³hÊh´K‘hjEh²hubjd)”}”(hhh]”(ji)”}”(hŒ10-22-04 : Updated to reflect changes in command line options, remove obsolete references, general cleanup. James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com) ”h]”(jo)”}”(hŒ 10-22-04 :”h]”hŒ 10-22-04 :”…””}”(hjƒh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jnh³hÊh´K–hjubj)”}”(hhh]”hï)”}”(hŒƒUpdated to reflect changes in command line options, remove obsolete references, general cleanup. James Nelson (james4765@gmail.com)”h]”(hŒoUpdated to reflect changes in command line options, remove obsolete references, general cleanup. 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