€•°GŒsphinx.addnodes”Œdocument”“”)”}”(Œ rawsource”Œ”Œchildren”]”(Œ translations”Œ LanguagesNode”“”)”}”(hhh]”(hŒ pending_xref”“”)”}”(hhh]”Œdocutils.nodes”ŒText”“”ŒChinese (Simplified)”…””}”Œparent”hsbaŒ attributes”}”(Œids”]”Œclasses”]”Œnames”]”Œdupnames”]”Œbackrefs”]”Œ refdomain”Œstd”Œreftype”Œdoc”Œ reftarget”Œ(/translations/zh_CN/admin-guide/LSM/Yama”Œmodname”NŒ classname”NŒ refexplicit”ˆuŒtagname”hhh ubh)”}”(hhh]”hŒChinese (Traditional)”…””}”hh2sbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œ refdomain”h)Œreftype”h+Œ reftarget”Œ(/translations/zh_TW/admin-guide/LSM/Yama”Œmodname”NŒ classname”NŒ refexplicit”ˆuh1hhh ubh)”}”(hhh]”hŒItalian”…””}”hhFsbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œ refdomain”h)Œreftype”h+Œ reftarget”Œ(/translations/it_IT/admin-guide/LSM/Yama”Œmodname”NŒ classname”NŒ refexplicit”ˆuh1hhh ubh)”}”(hhh]”hŒJapanese”…””}”hhZsbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œ refdomain”h)Œreftype”h+Œ reftarget”Œ(/translations/ja_JP/admin-guide/LSM/Yama”Œmodname”NŒ classname”NŒ refexplicit”ˆuh1hhh ubh)”}”(hhh]”hŒKorean”…””}”hhnsbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œ refdomain”h)Œreftype”h+Œ reftarget”Œ(/translations/ko_KR/admin-guide/LSM/Yama”Œmodname”NŒ classname”NŒ refexplicit”ˆuh1hhh ubh)”}”(hhh]”hŒPortuguese (Brazilian)”…””}”hh‚sbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œ refdomain”h)Œreftype”h+Œ reftarget”Œ(/translations/pt_BR/admin-guide/LSM/Yama”Œmodname”NŒ classname”NŒ refexplicit”ˆuh1hhh ubh)”}”(hhh]”hŒSpanish”…””}”hh–sbah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œ refdomain”h)Œreftype”h+Œ reftarget”Œ(/translations/sp_SP/admin-guide/LSM/Yama”Œmodname”NŒ classname”NŒ refexplicit”ˆuh1hhh ubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œcurrent_language”ŒEnglish”uh1h hhŒ _document”hŒsource”NŒline”NubhŒsection”“”)”}”(hhh]”(hŒtitle”“”)”}”(hŒYama”h]”hŒYama”…””}”(hh¼h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hºhh·h²hh³ŒB/var/lib/git/docbuild/linux/Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/Yama.rst”h´KubhŒ paragraph”“”)”}”(hXYama is a Linux Security Module that collects system-wide DAC security protections that are not handled by the core kernel itself. This is selectable at build-time with ``CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA``, and can be controlled at run-time through sysctls in ``/proc/sys/kernel/yama``:”h]”(hŒ©Yama is a Linux Security Module that collects system-wide DAC security protections that are not handled by the core kernel itself. This is selectable at build-time with ”…””}”(hhÍh²hh³Nh´NubhŒliteral”“”)”}”(hŒ``CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA``”h]”hŒCONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA”…””}”(hh×h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhhÍubhŒ7, and can be controlled at run-time through sysctls in ”…””}”(hhÍh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``/proc/sys/kernel/yama``”h]”hŒ/proc/sys/kernel/yama”…””}”(hhéh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhhÍubhŒ:”…””}”(hhÍh²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´Khh·h²hubh¶)”}”(hhh]”(h»)”}”(hŒ ptrace_scope”h]”hŒ ptrace_scope”…””}”(hjh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hºhjh²hh³hÊh´K ubhÌ)”}”(hX$As Linux grows in popularity, it will become a larger target for malware. One particularly troubling weakness of the Linux process interfaces is that a single user is able to examine the memory and running state of any of their processes. For example, if one application (e.g. Pidgin) was compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to attach to other running processes (e.g. Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent, etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope of their attack without resorting to user-assisted phishing.”h]”hX$As Linux grows in popularity, it will become a larger target for malware. One particularly troubling weakness of the Linux process interfaces is that a single user is able to examine the memory and running state of any of their processes. For example, if one application (e.g. Pidgin) was compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to attach to other running processes (e.g. Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent, etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope of their attack without resorting to user-assisted phishing.”…””}”(hjh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´K hjh²hubhÌ)”}”(hXÁThis is not a theoretical problem. `SSH session hijacking `_ and `arbitrary code injection `_ attacks already exist and remain possible if ptrace is allowed to operate as before. Since ptrace is not commonly used by non-developers and non-admins, system builders should be allowed the option to disable this debugging system.”h]”(hŒ#This is not a theoretical problem. ”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´NubhŒ reference”“”)”}”(hŒ``SSH session hijacking `_”h]”hŒSSH session hijacking”…””}”(hj*h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œname”ŒSSH session hijacking”Œrefuri”ŒEhttps://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf”uh1j(hj ubhŒtarget”“”)”}”(hŒH ”h]”h}”(h]”Œssh-session-hijacking”ah ]”h"]”Œssh session hijacking”ah$]”h&]”Œrefuri”j;uh1j<Œ referenced”Khj ubhŒ and ”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´Nubj))”}”(hŒQ`arbitrary code injection `_”h]”hŒarbitrary code injection”…””}”(hjPh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œname”Œarbitrary code injection”j:Œ3https://c-skills.blogspot.com/2007/05/injectso.html”uh1j(hj ubj=)”}”(hŒ6 ”h]”h}”(h]”Œarbitrary-code-injection”ah ]”h"]”Œarbitrary code injection”ah$]”h&]”Œrefuri”j`uh1j<jKKhj ubhŒè attacks already exist and remain possible if ptrace is allowed to operate as before. Since ptrace is not commonly used by non-developers and non-admins, system builders should be allowed the option to disable this debugging system.”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´Khjh²hubhÌ)”}”(hX‚For a solution, some applications use ``prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...)`` to specifically disallow such ptrace attachment (e.g. ssh-agent), but many do not. A more general solution is to only allow ptrace directly from a parent to a child process (i.e. direct "gdb EXE" and "strace EXE" still work), or with ``CAP_SYS_PTRACE`` (i.e. "gdb --pid=PID", and "strace -p PID" still work as root).”h]”(hŒ&For a solution, some applications use ”…””}”(hjxh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...)``”h]”hŒprctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...)”…””}”(hj€h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjxubhŒó to specifically disallow such ptrace attachment (e.g. ssh-agent), but many do not. A more general solution is to only allow ptrace directly from a parent to a child process (i.e. direct “gdb EXE†and “strace EXE†still work), or with ”…””}”(hjxh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``CAP_SYS_PTRACE``”h]”hŒCAP_SYS_PTRACE”…””}”(hj’h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjxubhŒH (i.e. “gdb --pid=PIDâ€, and “strace -p PID†still work as root).”…””}”(hjxh²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´Khjh²hubhÌ)”}”(hXêIn mode 1, software that has defined application-specific relationships between a debugging process and its inferior (crash handlers, etc), ``prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...)`` can be used. An inferior can declare which other process (and its descendants) are allowed to call ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` against it. Only one such declared debugging process can exists for each inferior at a time. For example, this is used by KDE, Chromium, and Firefox's crash handlers, and by Wine for allowing only Wine processes to ptrace each other. If a process wishes to entirely disable these ptrace restrictions, it can call ``prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY, ...)`` so that any otherwise allowed process (even those in external pid namespaces) may attach.”h]”(hŒŒIn mode 1, software that has defined application-specific relationships between a debugging process and its inferior (crash handlers, etc), ”…””}”(hjªh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ#``prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...)``”h]”hŒprctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...)”…””}”(hj²h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjªubhŒd can be used. An inferior can declare which other process (and its descendants) are allowed to call ”…””}”(hjªh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_ATTACH``”h]”hŒ PTRACE_ATTACH”…””}”(hjÄh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjªubhX< against it. Only one such declared debugging process can exists for each inferior at a time. For example, this is used by KDE, Chromium, and Firefox’s crash handlers, and by Wine for allowing only Wine processes to ptrace each other. If a process wishes to entirely disable these ptrace restrictions, it can call ”…””}”(hjªh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ2``prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY, ...)``”h]”hŒ.prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY, ...)”…””}”(hjÖh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjªubhŒZ so that any otherwise allowed process (even those in external pid namespaces) may attach.”…””}”(hjªh²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´K%hjh²hubhÌ)”}”(hŒ@The sysctl settings (writable only with ``CAP_SYS_PTRACE``) are:”h]”(hŒ(The sysctl settings (writable only with ”…””}”(hjîh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``CAP_SYS_PTRACE``”h]”hŒCAP_SYS_PTRACE”…””}”(hjöh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjîubhŒ) are:”…””}”(hjîh²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´K1hjh²hubhŒdefinition_list”“”)”}”(hhh]”(hŒdefinition_list_item”“”)”}”(hX0 - classic ptrace permissions: a process can ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` to any other process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e. did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called ``prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...)`` already). Similarly, ``PTRACE_TRACEME`` is unchanged. ”h]”(hŒterm”“”)”}”(hŒ0 - classic ptrace permissions:”h]”hŒ0 - classic ptrace permissions:”…””}”(hjh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´K8hjubhŒ definition”“”)”}”(hhh]”hÌ)”}”(hŒþa process can ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` to any other process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e. did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called ``prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...)`` already). Similarly, ``PTRACE_TRACEME`` is unchanged.”h]”(hŒa process can ”…””}”(hj.h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_ATTACH``”h]”hŒ PTRACE_ATTACH”…””}”(hj6h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj.ubhŒŒ to any other process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e. did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called ”…””}”(hj.h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...)``”h]”hŒprctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...)”…””}”(hjHh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj.ubhŒ already). Similarly, ”…””}”(hj.h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_TRACEME``”h]”hŒPTRACE_TRACEME”…””}”(hjZh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj.ubhŒ is unchanged.”…””}”(hj.h²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´K4hj+ubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j)hjubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´K8hjubj)”}”(hX¸1 - restricted ptrace: a process must have a predefined relationship with the inferior it wants to call ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` on. By default, this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an inferior can call ``prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...)`` to declare an allowed debugger PID to call ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` on the inferior. Using ``PTRACE_TRACEME`` is unchanged. ”h]”(j)”}”(hŒ1 - restricted ptrace:”h]”hŒ1 - restricted ptrace:”…””}”(hj‚h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´KAhj~ubj*)”}”(hhh]”hÌ)”}”(hX a process must have a predefined relationship with the inferior it wants to call ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` on. By default, this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an inferior can call ``prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...)`` to declare an allowed debugger PID to call ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` on the inferior. Using ``PTRACE_TRACEME`` is unchanged.”h]”(hŒQa process must have a predefined relationship with the inferior it wants to call ”…””}”(hj“h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_ATTACH``”h]”hŒ PTRACE_ATTACH”…””}”(hj›h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj“ubhŒ¡ on. By default, this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an inferior can call ”…””}”(hj“h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ(``prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...)``”h]”hŒ$prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...)”…””}”(hj­h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj“ubhŒ, to declare an allowed debugger PID to call ”…””}”(hj“h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_ATTACH``”h]”hŒ PTRACE_ATTACH”…””}”(hj¿h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj“ubhŒ on the inferior. Using ”…””}”(hj“h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_TRACEME``”h]”hŒPTRACE_TRACEME”…””}”(hjÑh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj“ubhŒ is unchanged.”…””}”(hj“h²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´K;hjubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j)hj~ubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´KAhjh²hubj)”}”(hŒœ2 - admin-only attach: only processes with ``CAP_SYS_PTRACE`` may use ptrace, either with ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` or through children calling ``PTRACE_TRACEME``. ”h]”(j)”}”(hŒ2 - admin-only attach:”h]”hŒ2 - admin-only attach:”…””}”(hjùh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´KEhjõubj*)”}”(hhh]”hÌ)”}”(hŒ„only processes with ``CAP_SYS_PTRACE`` may use ptrace, either with ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` or through children calling ``PTRACE_TRACEME``.”h]”(hŒonly processes with ”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``CAP_SYS_PTRACE``”h]”hŒCAP_SYS_PTRACE”…””}”(hjh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj ubhŒ may use ptrace, either with ”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_ATTACH``”h]”hŒ PTRACE_ATTACH”…””}”(hj$h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj ubhŒ or through children calling ”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_TRACEME``”h]”hŒPTRACE_TRACEME”…””}”(hj6h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhj ubhŒ.”…””}”(hj h²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´KDhjubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j)hjõubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´KEhjh²hubj)”}”(hŒ3 - no attach: no processes may use ptrace with ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` nor via ``PTRACE_TRACEME``. Once set, this sysctl value cannot be changed. ”h]”(j)”}”(hŒ3 - no attach:”h]”hŒ3 - no attach:”…””}”(hj^h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´KIhjZubj*)”}”(hhh]”hÌ)”}”(hŒ}no processes may use ptrace with ``PTRACE_ATTACH`` nor via ``PTRACE_TRACEME``. Once set, this sysctl value cannot be changed.”h]”(hŒ!no processes may use ptrace with ”…””}”(hjoh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_ATTACH``”h]”hŒ PTRACE_ATTACH”…””}”(hjwh²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjoubhŒ nor via ”…””}”(hjoh²hh³Nh´NubhÖ)”}”(hŒ``PTRACE_TRACEME``”h]”hŒPTRACE_TRACEME”…””}”(hj‰h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hÕhjoubhŒ0. Once set, this sysctl value cannot be changed.”…””}”(hjoh²hh³Nh´Nubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´KHhjlubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1j)hjZubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jh³hÊh´KIhjh²hubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1jhjh²hh³hÊh´NubhÌ)”}”(hŒMThe original children-only logic was based on the restrictions in grsecurity.”h]”hŒMThe original children-only logic was based on the restrictions in grsecurity.”…””}”(hj³h²hh³Nh´Nubah}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”uh1hËh³hÊh´KKhjh²hubeh}”(h]”Œ ptrace-scope”ah ]”h"]”Œ ptrace_scope”ah$]”h&]”uh1hµhh·h²hh³hÊh´K ubeh}”(h]”Œyama”ah ]”h"]”Œyama”ah$]”h&]”uh1hµhhh²hh³hÊh´Kubeh}”(h]”h ]”h"]”h$]”h&]”Œsource”hÊuh1hŒcurrent_source”NŒ current_line”NŒsettings”Œdocutils.frontend”ŒValues”“”)”}”(hºNŒ generator”NŒ datestamp”NŒ source_link”NŒ source_url”NŒ toc_backlinks”Œentry”Œfootnote_backlinks”KŒ sectnum_xform”KŒstrip_comments”NŒstrip_elements_with_classes”NŒ strip_classes”NŒ report_level”KŒ halt_level”KŒexit_status_level”KŒdebug”NŒwarning_stream”NŒ traceback”ˆŒinput_encoding”Œ utf-8-sig”Œinput_encoding_error_handler”Œstrict”Œoutput_encoding”Œutf-8”Œoutput_encoding_error_handler”jôŒerror_encoding”Œutf-8”Œerror_encoding_error_handler”Œbackslashreplace”Œ language_code”Œen”Œrecord_dependencies”NŒconfig”NŒ id_prefix”hŒauto_id_prefix”Œid”Œ dump_settings”NŒdump_internals”NŒdump_transforms”NŒdump_pseudo_xml”NŒexpose_internals”NŒstrict_visitor”NŒ_disable_config”NŒ_source”hÊŒ _destination”NŒ _config_files”]”Œ7/var/lib/git/docbuild/linux/Documentation/docutils.conf”aŒfile_insertion_enabled”ˆŒ raw_enabled”KŒline_length_limit”M'Œpep_references”NŒ pep_base_url”Œhttps://peps.python.org/”Œpep_file_url_template”Œpep-%04d”Œrfc_references”NŒ rfc_base_url”Œ&https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/”Œ tab_width”KŒtrim_footnote_reference_space”‰Œsyntax_highlight”Œlong”Œ smart_quotes”ˆŒsmartquotes_locales”]”Œcharacter_level_inline_markup”‰Œdoctitle_xform”‰Œ docinfo_xform”KŒsectsubtitle_xform”‰Œ image_loading”Œlink”Œembed_stylesheet”‰Œcloak_email_addresses”ˆŒsection_self_link”‰Œenv”NubŒreporter”NŒindirect_targets”]”Œsubstitution_defs”}”Œsubstitution_names”}”Œrefnames”}”Œrefids”}”Œnameids”}”(jÎjËjÆjÃjGjDjjjguŒ nametypes”}”(jΉjƉjGˆjjˆuh}”(jËh·jÃjjDj>jgjauŒ footnote_refs”}”Œ citation_refs”}”Œ autofootnotes”]”Œautofootnote_refs”]”Œsymbol_footnotes”]”Œsymbol_footnote_refs”]”Œ footnotes”]”Œ citations”]”Œautofootnote_start”KŒsymbol_footnote_start”KŒ id_counter”Œ collections”ŒCounter”“”}”…”R”Œparse_messages”]”Œtransform_messages”]”Œ transformer”NŒ include_log”]”Œ decoration”Nh²hub.