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CRYPT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CRYPT(3)
crypt, crypt_r - password and data encryption
#define _XOPEN_SOURCE /* See feature_test_macros(7) */
#include <unistd.h>
char *crypt(const char *key, const char *salt);
char *crypt_r(const char *key, const char *salt,
struct crypt_data *data);
Link with -lcrypt.
crypt() is the password encryption function. It is based on the Data
Encryption Standard algorithm with variations intended (among other things) to
discourage use of hardware implementations of a key search.
key is a user's typed password.
salt is a two-character string chosen from the set [a-zA-Z0-9./]. This string
is used to perturb the algorithm in one of 4096 different ways.
By taking the lowest 7 bits of each of the first eight characters of the key,
a 56-bit key is obtained. This 56-bit key is used to encrypt repeatedly a
constant string (usually a string consisting of all zeros). The returned
value points to the encrypted password, a series of 13 printable ASCII
characters (the first two characters represent the salt itself). The return
value points to static data whose content is overwritten by each call.
Warning: The key space consists of 2**56 equal 7.2e16 possible values.
Exhaustive searches of this key space are possible using massively parallel
computers. Software, such as crack(1), is available which will search the
portion of this key space that is generally used by humans for passwords.
Hence, password selection should, at minimum, avoid common words and names.
The use of a passwd(1) program that checks for crackable passwords during the
selection process is recommended.
The DES algorithm itself has a few quirks which make the use of the crypt()
interface a very poor choice for anything other than password authentication.
If you are planning on using the crypt() interface for a cryptography project,
don't do it: get a good book on encryption and one of the widely available DES
libraries.
crypt_r() is a reentrant version of crypt(). The structure pointed to by data
is used to store result data and bookkeeping information. Other than
allocating it, the only thing that the caller should do with this structure is
to set data->initialized to zero before the first call to crypt_r().
On success, a pointer to the encrypted password is returned. On error, NULL
is returned.
ENOSYS The crypt() function was not implemented, probably because of U.S.A.
export restrictions.
crypt(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. crypt_r() is a GNU extension.
The glibc2 version of this function supports additional encryption algorithms.
If salt is a character string starting with the characters "$id$" followed by
a string terminated by "$":
$id$salt$encrypted
then instead of using the DES machine, id identifies the encryption method
used and this then determines how the rest of the password string is
interpreted. The following values of id are supported:
ID | Method
---------------------------------------------------------
1 | MD5
2a | Blowfish (not in mainline glibc; added in some
| Linux distributions)
5 | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)
6 | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)
So $5$salt$encrypted is an SHA-256 encoded password and $6$salt$encrypted is
an SHA-512 encoded one.
"salt" stands for the up to 16 characters following "$id$" in the salt. The
encrypted part of the password string is the actual computed password. The
size of this string is fixed:
MD5 | 22 characters
SHA-256 | 43 characters
SHA-512 | 86 characters
The characters in "salt" and "encrypted" are drawn from the set [a-zA-Z0-9./].
In the MD5 and SHA implementations the entire key is significant (instead of
only the first 8 bytes in DES).
login(1), passwd(1), encrypt(3), getpass(3), passwd(5)
This page is part of release 3.32 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found
at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
2010-06-20 CRYPT(3)
HTML rendering created 2010-12-03 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface